History 6

Front 1

• laws of the indies (1573)

Back 1

• Laws of indies: ordinance for the discovery n pacification of indies 1573 by king Philip II of spain
• Close to 200 reuglations dat deal w/ how you construct n design civil settlements
• These regulations covered site selection, layout, sontruction, in great detail by the Spanish laws of the indies

Front 2

• grid

Back 2

• cities outgrew original plans
• some had intricate squares n plazas, but mostly cities abandoned those plans in favor of the Grid
• not unique to American cities
o many European cities had extensions that used plans
• 2 distinct American features of gridded street in 19th century
o preponderance – grids were proposed on undeveloped landscape
o in America, it was part of a larger approach to land rural as well as urban
o American grid was part of a political n ideaological vision of what land was
o In 1785 thomas Jefferson designed a land ordinance dat mapped entire territory under us control as a series of repeating a series of rectilinear subdivisions<a vision dat us was formed

Front 3

• 1811 commissionsers’ plan

Back 3

 1807 – NY state mapped rest of city – commissionsers produced a uniform rectilinear grid for future developments – 1811 finished their work <1811 Commissioners’ Plan
 the plan erased variations in landscape, implicity flattned hills, implicitly grading slops, 12 avenues 100 ft wide <big broad evenues, cross streets at half mile intervals
 this plan was envisioned in advance of settlement, a bold stroke to impose a unified fieldof reference onto urban space

Front 4

• Pierre l’enfant

Back 4

was a French-born American architect and urban planner. L'Enfant designed the first street plan for the Federal City in the United States, now known as Washington, D.C.
a celebrated city design, embodying principles or order n rationality, approrpaite to ideals of American republican gov, to rep spacially the particular values of American constitution
• Separate powers>a city plan dat reflected the nature of American political genius
o Problem: congress didn’t appropriate any funds for construction of city

Front 5

• Boosters

Back 5

• Urban promoters in early 19th century – personifications of the cities where they dwelled
• Saw themselves as the embodimentof a kind of urban community, described their cities as bodies growing
• These men were economic shapers of frontier
• produced a normal flood of text n images designed to persuade others to move dere
• all the paper dat boosters produced in order to help pros pective investors envision the urban future<artificats of shared belief

Front 6

• Real estate boom

Back 6

• real estate investment became principal model of city planning, unlike European counterparts, relied on prospect of rising real estate prices as best argument for making improvements in city infrastructure and to pay for it

Front 7

• Galena and Chicago union

Back 7

first railroad constructed out of Chicago
The railroad and the canal were vital in the development of Chicago and the population of the city tripled in the six years after the opening of the canal. Eventually other railroads were built and Chicago became the largest railroad center in the world.

Front 8

• Erie canal

Back 8

in 1825
• Took 8 years to complete; owned n financed by NY state
• Made it profitable to transport goods from lake erie to NY
• 5 years after canal opened, if you were a farmer u could grow wheat to sell for a profit>was true for farmers all along lake
• dis made NY city the principal place>transformed NY economic role>when complete, peeps partied<largest public celebration in history of America

Front 9

Chicago

Back 9

• in 1832 all dis began to change cuz of a military conquest
o military soldiers went into illionois to surpress an Indian something
o one of the unintended conseucens of conquest, soldiers sent back reports of glowing reports of fertilitiy of land
• Americans believed dat land could be a form of investment n had political will n military power
• Big boom from 1833 to 1837
o In NY the value of real estate rose 62.5% one year
• Epitomized the urban real estate boom of 1830s
• Transformation of Chicago in 1840s was result of economical will, political action
• lots of investments, illionis legislature decided to create Illinois canal>Chicago would be a place where agricultural stuff could be shipped
• railroad – in 1850s, Chicago was a realistic trading partner >the terminis of these new railroad lines