Histology Nervous Tissue

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Main tissue components of both the central nervous system and the branching peripheral nerves of the peripheral nervous system regulates and controls the bodily functions and activity

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nervous tissue

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The nervous tissue is composed of what cells receive and transmit impulses

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Neurons

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Type of cell which assists the propagation of the nerve impulses well as providing nutrients to the neuron

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Neuroglia

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These cells are also called neurons or nerve fibers

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nerve cells

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It contains the nucleus and is essential for the continued life of the neuron are found in the central nervous system or close to it in the trunk of the body no cell bodies in the arms and legs which are more subject to injury

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Cell body

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Processes that transmit impulses toward the cell body

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dendrites

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Transmits impulses away from the cell body

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Axon

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Spherical polygonal or pyramidal 1 large circle or ovoid nucleus pale and centrally located nucleus and relatively little chromatin fisheye eye appearance distinct nuclear membrane

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Nucleus of the nerve cell body

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Also called perikaryon

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Cytoplasm

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The sound membrane which extends into the axon

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Axolemma

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Neuroplasm food park that extends to the axon

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Axoplasm

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The rough endoplasmic reticulum of the nerve cell body

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Missin bodies

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The three functional classifications of neurons

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Sensory motor interneurons

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Really sensory information in the form of an action potential or nerve impulse from the pns to the cns

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Sensory or afferent neurons

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Really an action potential out of the cns to the property effector

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Motor neurons or efferent

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Cells that form connections between neurons and whose processes are limited to a single local area in the brain or spinal cord

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Interneurons

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For structural classifications of neurons

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Multipolar bipolar pseudounipolar unipolar

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Have 3 or more processes coming off the soma and include interneurons and motor neurons

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Multipolar neurons

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Sensory neurons that have two processes coming off the soma one dendrite and one axon found in eyes and nasal cavity sensory neurons

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Bipolar neurons

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Sensory neurons that have one process that splits into two branches forming the axon and dendrite

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Pseudounipolar

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Excitatory glutamatergic interneurons that have a single short dendrite terminating in a brush like tuft or dendrioles found in the granular layer of the cerebellum

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Unipolar brush cells

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Small gap or space between the new axon of one neuron and the dendrites or cell body of the next neuron

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Synapse

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Two types of synapse

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Electrical and chemical

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Presynaptic and postsynaptic cell membranes are connected by special channels called gap junctions are synoptic class that are capable of passing an electric current causing voltage changes in the presynaptic cell to induce voltage changes in the postsynaptic cell the main advantage of an electrical impulse is the rapid transfer of signals from one cell to the rest

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Electrical synapse

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Electrical activity in the presynaptic neuron is converted via the activation of voltage-gated calcium channels into the release of a chemical called and neurotransmitter that binds to receptors located in the plasma membrane of the postsynaptic cell the neurotransmitter may initiate an electrically response or a secondary messenger pathway that may either excite or inhibit the postsynaptic neuron

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Chemical synapse

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The central nervous system is made up of the

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Brain and spinal cord

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The brain is encased in what are protected by what

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Encased in the skull protected by the cranium

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Spinal cord discontinuous with the brain and lies caudally to the brain protected by the

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Vertebrate

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Refers to unmyelinated neurons and other cells of the central nervous system present in the brain brain stem and cerebellum and present throughout the spinal cord

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Grey matter

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Contains most of the brains neuronal cell bodies involves regions of the brain in muscle control sensory perception memory emotions decision making and self control

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Grey matter

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The grey matter in the spinal cord is split into three gray columns

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Anterior gray column

posterior gray column

lateral gray column

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Grey matter in the spinal cord contains motor neurons sign ups with interneurons and the accents of cells that have travel down the pyramidal tract responsible for the movement of muscles

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Anterior gray column

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Gray matter in the spinal cord that contains the points where sensory neurons synapse received including fine touch proprioception and vibration

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Posterior gray column

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The third column of the spinal cord

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Lateral gray column

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Refers to areas of the central nervous system that are mainly made up of myelinated axons also called tracts effects learning and brain functions modulating the distribution of action potentials acting as a relay and coordinating communication between different brain regions

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white matter

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White matter is named for its relatively light appearance resulting from the lipid content of what

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Myelin

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The white matter is white because of what and its surrounds the nerve fibers acts as an electrical insulation important because it allows the messages to pass quickly from place to place

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Myelin

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Mylan is important because it allows the messages to pass quickly from place to place this is called

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Saltatory conduction

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Characteristics of the neuroglia

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Supporting cells for neurons

more numerous the neurons

can divide to produce more cells

and has 5 types

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The types of neuroglia

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Astrocyte

ependymal

microglia

oligodendrocytes

schwann cell

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Star-shaped forms the blood-brain barrier it has two types

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Astrocyte

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A highly selective semipermeable membrane barrier that separates the circulating blood from the brain and extracellular fluid in the central nervous system

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Blood-brain barrier

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Two types of astrocytes

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Protoplasmic astrocyte and fibrous astrocyte

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Type of astrocyte found in gray matter large-scale rounded nucleus abundant in granular cytoplasm

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Protoplasmic astrocyte

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Type of astrocyte found in white matter long and thin and smooth and infrequent branched processes

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Fibrous Astrocyte

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Nuclear that lines the central canal of the spinal cord and ventricles of the brain resembles ciliated simple columnar epithelium it's threadlike processes branch connect with underlying nervous tissue

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Ependymal

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The three types of ependymal

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Ependymocytes

Choroidal epithelial cells

Tanycytes

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Line the ventricles of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord

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Ependymocytes

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Modified ependymal cells that produce the cerebrospinal fluid

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Choroidal epithelial cells

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Special ependymal cells found in the third ventricle of the brain and on the 4th ventricle and half processes extending deep into the hypothalamus possible function is to transfer chemical signals from the cerebrospinal fluid to the central nervous system

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Tanycytes

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Resident macrophage cells in the central nervous system clear cellular debris and deadly runs from nervous tissue through the process of phagocytosis first line of defense of the central nervous system

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Microglia

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Smaller than astrocytes more abundance in the white matter

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Oligodendrocytes

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Produce myelin sheath in the peripheral nervous system

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Schwann cell

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Divided into the somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system

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Peripheral nervous system

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Divisions of the peripheral nervous system

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Somatic and autonomic nervous system

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The division of the peripheral nervous system that is under voluntary control transmit signals from the brain to and organs such as muscle the part of the peripheral nervous system associated with the skeletal muscle voluntary control of body movements

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Somatic nervous system

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The somatic nervous system consists of the two types of nerves

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Afferent and efferent nerves

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They are the peripheral nerves that carry sensory information into and motor commands out of the spinal cord

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spinal nerves

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How many pairs of nerves are in the spinal nerves

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31 pairs of nerves

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Are the nerve fibers that carry information into and out of the brainstem includes vision eye eye muscle mouth taste ear neck shoulders and tongue

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Cranial nerves

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Activated during times of stress part of the fight-or-flight response prepares you for the physical activity

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sympathetic

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Divisions of the autonomic nervous system

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Sympathetic and parasympathetic

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The sympathetic nervous system prepare for the physical activity by

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Increased heart rate blood pressure and airflow

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Division of the autonomic nervous system which is known as the housekeeper activated under normal conditions involved in the digestion urine production and dilation are the construction of pupils and others

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Parasympathetic

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The to supporting cells of the peripheral nervous system

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Schwann cells and satellite cells

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Supporting salle of the peripheral nervous system which is flattened forms a capsule around the neurons

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Capsule cell amphicyte or satellite cell

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Supporting cell of the pns which forms a long thin tube called sheath of schwann it covers the axon

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Schwann cell