Histology (Nervous Tissue)

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Anatomical unit of nervous tissue

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Neurons

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Neurons receive stimuli from the internal environment

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Interoception

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Neurons receive stimuli from the external environment

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Exteroception

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Furnishes protection, nutrition, and structural integrity to nervous tissue

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Neuroglia

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What are the Parts of neurons?

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Cell body: Soma/Cyton

Processes: Axons & Dendrites

Perikaryon: part of the cell body surrounding the nucleus

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What germ layer does all nervous tissue components except Microgliocytes derived from?

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Neuroectoderm

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Comprise the majority of neurons and are the cell that secret neurotransmitters at synapses

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Transmission neurons/Conducting neurons

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Have dendrites and a single long or short horn

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Multipolar neurons

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Those with long axons are ___(a)___, while those with short axon are ___(b)___.

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a. Ventral horn cells of the spinal cord

b. Interneurons and cells of the cerebral and cerebellar cortex

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Have one main dendrite and an axon, the processes are located at opposite poles of the cell body

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Bipolar neurons

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Have only one axon and occur only during development

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True unipolar neurons

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Have an axon and dendrite fused close to the cell body but separated from it.

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Pseudo unipolar neurons

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Those that don't have axon. Ex. Retinal amacrine neurons

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Anaxonic neurons

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Secrete oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone

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Hypothalamic neurosecretory cells

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Carry information to the cell body (afferent)

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Dendrites

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Carry information from the cell body (efferent)

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Axons

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The neural region subjected to excitatory and inhibitory stimulation

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Dendritic zones

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Includes the initial segments of the axon. It is all-or-none conducting part of the neuron.

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Axonic zone

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Includes those terminal modifications permitting information transfer to the next element in the pathway

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Telodendrotic zone

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A clear region which delimits the axonal origin in the perikaryon

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Axon hillock

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Occurs in nerve cells and maybe linked to their high rate of cellular metabolism and organelle turnover.

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Lipofuscin

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Occur in the cell body and processes

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Neurofilaments and Neurotubules (microtubules)

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Materials move constantly away from (somatofugal) and towards (somatopetal) the cell body.

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Axonal transport

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Occurs at specific sites called ephapses, electronic junctions, or electrical synapses

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Electric transmission

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These are electrochemical transmission sites between neurons or neurons and effector cells

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Synapses

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Intercellular space that separates pre and postsynaptic membranes

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Synaptic cleft

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A molecule on or within the postsynaptic membrane with which a single neurotransmitter substance reacts.

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Receptors

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Excitation from receptor stimulation causes ____(a)___, while inhibition causes ___(b)___ of the post-synaptic membrane

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a. Hypopolarization

b. Hyperpolarization

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Also called "neural glue", they serve as the supportive network or nervous system stroma.

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Neuroglial cells

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Most numerous neurogliocytes

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Oligodendrocytes

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Second most encountered neurogliocytes of the CNS

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Astrocytes