Hist 140 Final Terms

Front 1

Green Revolution

Back 1

1. 1940s-1970s, it is the period of time of increase agricultural production world wide by the use of hybrid seeds, pesticides, and fertilizers. (Countries mentioned in Enough: India, Turkey, Afghanistan, Tunisia, Morocco, Pakistan, China, Lebanon, and Iraq). Began in Mexico when Norman Borlaug began research for developing a new disease resistant, high yield varieties of wheat.
2.
3. Globalization - spread of seeds, agricultural advancement, etc.; Cold War - US political influence over who is about to opt into this program(?)

Front 2

Allende

Back 2

1. Salvador Allende, President of Chile (1970-1973); the first democratically elected Marxist to become president of a Latin America country; "The Marxist Retort" in December 4, 1972
2. The US containment policy - Nixon's administration sough to overthrow Allende's socialist regime, making a coup possible in 1973; The modernization versus dependency, the lack of growth in Latin American countries due to import substitution policy; "The Left" becomes incredibly militant and begins to take out their grievance on civilians
3. The Cold War Dynamic, Containment in other countries (Indonesia, Vietnam, Cuba) between 1965-1966

Front 3

Velvet Revolution

Back 3

1. The Velvet Revolution was a non-violent revolution in Czechoslovakia in December 1989 that sought to overthrow the communist government.
2. Civic Forum/Charter 77 was a formal political union that was in support of a spontaneous movement of the people. A first, the response was a violent crackdown. Then, government invites in the Civic Forum. The government simply capitulated (fell) in December 1989. Dubcek was rehabilitated. Vaclav Havel becomes president and Dubcek becomes vice president. 1986 - Glasnost policy by Gorbachev on the matters of openness/censorship and his failure to enact the Brezhnev Doctrine on the satellite states in the Soviet Union. which unintentionally leads to fall of Communism in Eastern-bloc European countries. Tiananmen Square (April-June 1989) crackdown in China. Poland and Solidarity wins in elections, 1989. Hungary ousts Kádár and in the summer of 1989, symbolic opening of the borders of Hungary with Austria. Sopron and Solidarity movement, Bulgaria, and the fall of the Berlin wall.
3. End of the Cold War paradigm, rise of globalization - the exchange of culture with the West, exchange of democracy

Front 4

Beheiren

Back 4

1. Beheiren was a Japanese activist group that protested the U.S.'s war in Vietnam and defense treaty between US and Japan. Occurred in Tokyo, January 1969.
2. From optimism to stability/pessimism. Protests of 1968. U.S.: Civil Rights Movement (Chicago '68, MLK's death, Race Riots), Feminist Movement (Miss America, Vietnam Protests (Teach-Ins, The Hippie Movement and the Peace Movement, Students for a Democratic Society [SDS], Veterans from WWI, WWII, and Korean War protest the Vietnam War, highlights the class-warfare); Internationally: "women's liberation"/sexual liberation, gay and lesbian rights, education in Paris/DeGaulle '68, Rudi Dustchke and Protests in West Berlin, March-April 1968, Mexico City 1968, Prague Spring
3. Decolonization of Indo-China, Cold War, Globalization a protest in Japan comes as a result of a US-Vietnam war. Crossing of boundaries.

Front 5

Tet Offensive

Back 5

1. 1968, the Tet Offensive was a massive attack from the NLF and Communist forces on South Vietnam cities. This attack changed American citizens' opinions about the war, and President Johnson began peace talks (unsuccessful).
2. The Gulf of Tonkin Incident (1964) gives Johnson authorization to retaliate for acts of aggression in Southeast Asia, Vietnam Protests (Beheiren, Europe, America)Civil Rights movement (race riots), End on Optimism; then Nixon becomes president (gets US out of Vietnam), progress towards Détente and better relations with China; last proxy war between Soviet Union and US
3. Cold War Containment Policy, Decolonization (French/US foreign policies)

Front 6

Little Red Book

Back 6

1. The Little Red Book was a collection of quotations by Chairman Mao, published in 1966 in China. As one of the most published books in the world, it is considered to be the bible of the Left. His thoughts became sacred and the book had two goals: 1. to destroy traditional Chinese culture and replace them with Mao's thoughts, and 2. to create the Beijing Revolutionary Committee (invitation to the Cultural Revolution, Promfret).
2. The People's Republic of China, Cultural Revolution, Protests of 1968 - students read Mao's Little red Book and the Cultural revolution in positive light (Clash of Cultures), Great Leap Forward, Vietnam War, Sino-Soviet Split (1965)
3. Cold War - communist/anti-capitalist, pure Marxist values (change to Maoism), Globalization - students protests in France

Front 7

Kyoto Protocol

Back 7

1. The Kyoto Protocol is an international agreement under the UN that addresses global warming and climate change. It was signed on December 11, 1997 in Kyoto, Japan. It sets binding targets for 37 industrialized countries and the European community for reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. These amount to an average of five per cent against 1990 levels over the five-year period 2008-2012.
2. Human Rights and Activism: The idea of people power (you can change the world and who you are); Environmental activism began in the 1970s (with the France's largest oil spill in 1978, Ohio River in 1971-72 that led to the Clean Water Act), the issue of deforestation in Brazil and the consequences of globalization; Climate Change (the rest of the world vs the US concern over the environment); "splinters the left"; the EU pamphlet on recycling in 1997, anti-nuclear activism for both weapons and energy (Chernobyl, 1986)

History of Emission Agreements
• 1988: the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
• 1992: 178 nations gather at the UN Conference on Environment in Rio de Janeiro
• 1995: the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change Conference of Parties (Berlin Mandate)
• 12/11/1997: the Kyoto Protocol
• 2009: Amsterdam
• The new growing nations are not allow to grow in the same way as countries like the US because there are restrictions for the environment
• US alone counts produces 25% of the world's carbon dioxide emissions, but only with 4% of the world population
Alternatives
o Alternative energy sources:
• All impact the environment in some sort of way: wind, solar, coal, oil

3. Globalization - growth of post-consumer society, awareness of human rights and (environmental) activism

Front 8

Debt Forgiveness

Back 8

1. Developing countries' debt is external debt incurred by governments of developing countries, generally in quantities beyond the governments' political ability to repay. Three reasons why this occurs: the legacy of colonialism, debt incurred by dictators/corrupt leaders, and money mismanagement by the West. Debt forgiveness occurs when institutions such as the World Bank or IMF partial or fully cancels loan payments of developing countries. (Enough)
2. Bono and Live Aid, developing countries, Green Revolution (agricultural practices, markets), Big man/Strong Man in African governments, free mark reforms (privatize/reduce government involvement, no subsidies), Strategic Adjustment Policies
3. Decolonization - post-colonial societies/developing nations are the ones affected by this (partially for bad governance and lack of influence in international community); Globalization - various cross culture activities such as Live Aid concerts occur for the benefit of these countries; Cold War - hard line Cold War polices decides who benefits from these policies and who doesn't.

Front 9

Nanterre

Back 9

1. Nanterre, France, 1968. The education protests in France began there. The issue was that even though more people were going to college and becoming more educated, there were no jobs for them once they left college. "Opportunity clashed with status quo" because jobs still were handed out in the old way, having the right connections despite a threefold increase in university educated students. Additionally, the education facilities were insufficient and underserviced. Protests included sit-ins at universities and resulted in massive crackdowns and arrests. May 14th, workers unanimously strike because of the violence against the students (Labor represented society; Students represented Culture). De Gaulle had to flee to Germany but returns with the support of Old France and the "Silent Majority." France was very close to a revolution.
2. Publication of Mao's Little Red Book in 1966 motivated the students, International Youth Culture (Sexuality and Drugs), switch from production to consumption, New Society (women's liberation, gay and lesbian rights, civil rights, etc), Vietnam Protests
3. Globalization - the world faced worldwide protests in 1968; Cold War - 1970s leads to better relations between Communist bloc and the West

Front 10

Helsinki

Back 10

1. The Helsinki Conference (1975) recognized borders in Europe (and countries dominated by the Soviet Union), NATO and Warsaw Pact; notification of military maneuvers; and guarantee of human rights and the publication thereof (this put in place a new liberal regime; How would this reflect in Eastern bloc countries?). Improved relations between the Communist bloc and the West.
2. The Brezhnev Doctrine and the Prague Spring (1968), Germany - Willy Brandt, Ostpolitik, Moscow Treaty of 1970 (recognition of borders of Germany, both Germanys are admitted into the UN in 1973), Cold War - Détente (Arms control SALT I and SALT II), Mutual and Balanced Force Reductions talks (1973), Openness in the East (bad effect on Communist countries), Apollo/Soyuz (1975), Charter 77
3. Cold War - better relations between Communist bloc and the West.