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72 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is Collective Security?
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1920s League of Nations
Countries act together to discourage aggression and stop if necessary Difficult to get all to agree |
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What was the British Policy in the 1930s towards Germany?
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Belief that Germany was unfairly treated in peace settlement and that if Germany's demands could be settled by negotiation then there would be no more war and a settled Europe
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Who were the main opponents to Appeasement?
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Winston Churchill
Churchill argues that Hitler's aims & objectives were not rational British Communists & Left Wing politicians were alarmed at german militatization & aggression |
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What were the Economic factors that drove Appeasement?
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European economy still recovering from WW1
Europe still feeling he effects of wall street crash High unemployment >3million Money spent on social welfare meant no money for military - Chief of Staffs warned Britain too weak to fight Canada & SA would not support Britain if war declared on Germany |
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What were the attitudes to the Paris Peace Settlement?
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Lord Lothian had support after expressing "Germany only going into own garden" during Rhineland crisis
Popular opinion was that Germany had been punished too severely in treaty of Versailles & crippled their economy British admiration for Hitler rebuilding Germany Many thought Hitler regaining control of germany speaking land was justified |
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What public opinion factors contributed to the policy of Appeasement?
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After Guernica British public feared "bombers will get through"
Anschluss not seen as a problem by the majority of people as it was seen as a product of the Versailles treatey which was already discredited Austria was german speaking so was basically German anyway |
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Why was there an increase in Pacifism?
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The influential Oxford University debating society shocked the country by voting not to fight for King & Country
East Fulham Bi-Election wond by Labour candidate who was anti-war Peace Ballot of 1934 showed overwhelming support for principle of collective security Widespread revulsion at thought of another war after WW! Peace movement was expanding in Britain |
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What policy did the USA adopt during the 1930s?
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The USA followed a policy of isolation and did not want to get involved in European affairs
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What was Hitler's Foreign Policy during the 1930s?
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Re-take control of territories
Re-arm military Expand borders for population Unite German speaking people |
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What had the Committee of Imperial Defence said about Hitler?
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He was the "ultimate potential enemy"
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Which country did the Government think was was more likely in 1936?
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Italy under Mussolini
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Name at least two things the Government was more concerned about than the Rhineland situation:
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Weakness of armed forces (not ready for war)
Anti-war public opinion Women's votes (against war) |
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How had Britain dealt with the terms of the Treaty of Versailles before the Rhineland situation?
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The governement had already negotiated or accepted changes to the treaty
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Why was the Government upset with French Policy?
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The French had just ratified a treaty with Russia in February 1936
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What organisations opposed war in 1936?
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Peace Pledge Union
White Poppy - women of the co-operative movement |
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What crises were more important to the Government in 1936?
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Abyssinia
Security in the Mediterranean Naval access to its empire |
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How did the Government view the Soviet Union in 1936?
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as the "Red Menace" and a greater threat than Nazi Germany
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Who had already met and decided not to take action against Germany for the Rhineland?
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Britain and France
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Why did France not want to take action?
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They focused on a defensive strategy (Maginot Line)
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Who were two politicians who opposed Britain's inaction to the Rhineland crises
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Winston Churchill and Harold Macmillan who warned of war if Hitler was not stopped
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How did Hitler's success in the Rhineland affect his future decisions?
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He was encouraged to look for more ways to extend Germany's power in Europe
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How many troops did Hitler send into the Rhineland?
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30,000
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What forbid Germany from putting its army in the Rhineland?
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The Treaty of Versailles (1919) and Locarno (the "Rhineland Pact) (1925)
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Under the Rhineland Pact, what reason did Germany accept for being attacked in the future?
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"Legitimate self defence"
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Why did Anthony Eden accept the remilitarization of the Rhineland?
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He thought it would lead to a final settlement of German demands
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Why did Italy not object to Germany moving into the Rhineland
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Mussoloni needed another ally in Europe
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Why did Hitler remilitarize the Rhineland in 1936
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Propaganda
German concerns over wages, employement, prices Expensive re-armament programme Franco-Soviet Pact |
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What does Anschluss mean?
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Germany's union with Austria
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When did Anschluss happen?
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12th March 1938
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How many Austrians supposedly supported Anschluss?
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99.75% voted in favour of Anschluss in a plebiscite (referendum)
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Which treaty banned Anschluss?
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Treaty of Versailles (1919)
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How did Hitler start up trouble in Austria before Anschluss?
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He used the Austrian Nazi Party to start trouble and undermine Schussnigg's government
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Why was Anschluss important to Hitler?
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Germany now surround Czechoslovakia on three sides
Hitler had clear evidence that Britain and France were not going to enforce the Treaty of Versailles |
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Who were members of the Triple Alliance? |
Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italt |
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Who were members of the Triple Entente? |
France, Russia and Great Britain |
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How did PM David Lloyd-George feel about the treatment of the Germans |
He was more sympathetic If they were punished too severely Germans would become resentful A strong Germany would make a good trade partner for Britain A strong Germany would prevent the rise of the Communists or Fascists. |
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Who came up with the idea of a "League of Nations" during the Paris Peace Talks? |
American President Woodrow Wilson - it was one of his 14 points |
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What are the main points of the Treaty of Versailles? |
Germany had to: Accept blame for starting war lose all of its colonies lose most of its army, navy and all its' airforce lose huge territories in Europe pay reparations of £6.6 Billion |
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Why was Russia not invited to the Paris Peace Talks? |
The Bolsheviks (communists committed to a classless society) seized power in Russia in 1917 and they were feared by the other great powers. Also Russia continued to fight a civil war until 1921 so they had their own problems |
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What is meant by the term "National Self Determination"? |
National groups were determined to achieve independence from imperial interferences |
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Why was the League of Nations established? |
So that the great powers and other member countries could discuss issues rather than resorting to war. They also had the world health organisation and the International Court of Justice (now at the Hague) |
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Who were not members of the League of Nations? |
USA Russia and Germany |
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Why was America not part of the League of Nations |
Many Americans did not want to be involved in International affairs they would rather follow a policy of Isolationism |
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What is significant about the Manchurian Crisis of 1931? |
the first real test of the League of Nation's principle of Collective Security. Theoretically the League should have placed economic and military sanctions upon Japan as the aggressive member state |
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Where is Manchuria? |
A northern Part of China which Japan took control of and upset the Chinese |
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When did Japan leave the League of Nations and what did this mean |
1933 and this showed that the League of Nations had no power over a member state. Japan also served as a role model for Germany and Italy who now believed that nobody could stop them |
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Who was the first Fascist dictator to emerge in Europe after the first world war? |
Mussolini who founded the "Fascisti di combattimento" in 1919 which later became the Italian Fascist Party in 1921 |
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What was Mussolini's nickname? |
Il Duce (the Duke) |
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When was the Abyssinian Crisis? |
1935 |
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What was the Abyssinian Crisis? |
Mussolini demanded extensive territories in Abyssinia (Ethiopia) and when the Abyssinian Emperor Haile Selassi demanded help from the League of Nations and in particular Britain they did not provide any help as they did not want to go to war with Italy |
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What did Britain do to Italy |
Britain enforced sanctions against Italy until 1936 which annoyed Mussolini and finally resulted in Italy leaving the League of Nations in 1937 |
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What should Britain have done about the Abyssinian Crisis? |
They should either have gone to war with Italy and destroyed Mussolini or brought Italy into an alliance with themselves and France |
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What were Hitler's aims for Germany? |
to destroy the hated Treaty of Versailles Build up the Germany Army Recover lost territories such as the Saar and the Polish Corridor Bringing all Germans together within the Reich |
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What did Hitler promise the German people in 1933? |
To bring back all that was lost through the Treaty of Versaille To make Germany powerful once more To gain Lebensraum (living space) for the Aryan master race |
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What was the Anglo-German Naval Agreement? |
The German Navy was limited to 35% of the British Navy |
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What was the Anti-Comintern Pact? |
Germany, Italy and Japan signed a pact that pledged support to each other in conflicts against communism |
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What was the Rome-Berlin Axis? |
Mussolini promises not to intervene in Austria allowing the annexation of Austria to go ahead |
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What was Hitler's policy of Autarky? |
Germany should be able to produce its own food and raw materials so that it did not have to depend on other countries = self sufficiency |
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Why did Hitler's four year plan to achieve Autarky (self sufficiency) not work? |
It was expensive to develop and produce the raw materials that Germany required and at the end of the 4 years Germany was still having to import over a third of its raw materials |
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When the policy did not work what did the Nazis decide to do? |
To take over the countries that had the things that it neaded - Czechoslovakia for metals, Ukraine for wheat and Romania for oil - they believed they were superior to these people so it justified the aggression |
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After the first world war the a view developed that the most effective way to avoid war was to disarm. Why did this not work? |
No country was willing to give up its arms if other countries weren't going to follow suit. |
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What is a plebiscite? |
A vote by the people (a referendum) to change the law of the country |
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Why did Hitler detest Czechoslovakia? |
He detested it for its Slav people and the control it had over ethnic Germans who lived in the Sudetenland, the mountainous region of western Czechoslovakia |
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Why as the Sudetenland important to Hitler? |
This region was relatively wealthy compared to the rest of Czechoslovakia and contained many industrial complexes such as Skoda He also hated the fact that Czechoslovakia was a successful democracy |
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who pressured the Czech president to give in to Hitler's demands? |
The British and the French |
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How many times did Chamberlain meet with Hitler? |
3 occasions: Berchtesgaden - 15th Sep 1938 Godesberg - 22nd Sep 1938 Munich - 29th Sep 1938 |
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Who allied with Germany over the Sudetenland? |
Hungary and Poland who were also demanding territories. |
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What are the conclusions one can draw from the Sudetenland? |
Hitlar's popularity increased in Germany Czechoslovakia was destroyed Russia had been ignored so Stalin had to make his own treaty with Hitler Appeasement failed however it bought Britain time to re-arm |
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When did Hitler invade the rest of Czechoslovakia? |
March 1939 |
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What was the Nazi-Soviet pact in 1939? |
Hitler and Stalin could not afford to go to war with each other and they agreed to split Poland between them |
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Why was the Nazi-Soviet pact a disaster for Britain? |
Britain lost a potential ally as Russia was the only country that could have helped Britain stop Hitler from invading Poland |
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Who invaded Albania in 1939? |
Mussolini |
