Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
105 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What is Human Factors |
Study of human capabilities and limitations in the workplace |
|
|
What is the SHEL Model |
It is the interraction between Software - rules Hardware - tools Equipment - physical Liveware - skills Liveware - teamwork |
|
|
Murphy's Law |
Anything that can go wrong, will go wrong |
|
|
Swiss cheese theory |
Layes of cheese: defences Holes: absent or failed defences in the organisation When holes are aligned, defences are breached and accident occurs. |
|
|
Name 4 internal PSFs |
Emotional State Motivation and Attitude Social Factors Stress levels |
|
|
Name 4 External Factors |
Poor design Inadequate workspace and layout Pressure from bosses Poor environmental conditions |
|
|
Human Sensory Systems |
Vision Audition Olfaction (smell) Gustation (taste) Somasthesis (touch) |
|
|
|
|
|
Cones vs rods |
Cones: detect details, perceive color, identify far away objects in good lighting conditions Rods: sensitive to movement and low lighting conditions |
|
|
What is binocular vision |
Focusing both eyes on one object |
|
|
What is visual acuity |
Ability of the eye to discriminate details at varying distances |
|
|
Factors affecting visual acuity |
Physical factors Foreign substances Environment Nature of object being viewed |
|
|
Myopia |
Short sightedness Length of eyeball is longer than normal |
|
|
Hyperopia |
Long sightedness Length of eyeball is shorter than normal |
|
|
Lens calculation formula |
1/f = 1/u - 1/v |
|
|
Astigmatism |
Cornea are irregular shaped |
|
|
Presbyopia |
Lens become less elastic and unable to accomodate sufficiently |
|
|
Cataracts |
Lens become clouded |
|
|
Glaucoma |
Elevated pressure in the eye and damage to optic nerve |
|
|
Macula Degeneration |
Damage to retina |
|
|
Color deficiency types |
Red and green Yellow and blue |
|
|
1: outer ear 2: eardrum 3: middle ear 4: eustachian tube 5: ear canal 6: cochlea 7: hammer 8: anvil 9: auditory nerve 10: stirrup |
|
|
Consequences of noise |
Temporary/permanent hearing loss Interferes with communication Distracts and affects concentration Causes fatigue, stress, and affects decision-making |
|
|
Information Processing Model |
Stimulus => Perception => Cognition => Action => Response |
|
|
Attention is affected by |
Stress Fatigue Arousal level |
|
|
|
|
|
What is perception |
It is a process of assembling sensations into useable mental representations |
|
|
Ultra short term memory |
Duration: 2sec or less Unlimited capacity |
|
|
Short term memory |
Duration: 10-20sec Limited capacity |
|
|
Long term memory |
Duration: for life Unlimited capacity |
|
|
Good memory depends on |
Registration Storage Retrieval |
|
|
What is decision making |
It is the process of choosing a suitable response for a perceived stimulus |
|
|
3 decision making models |
Normative model Descriptive model Prescriptive model |
|
|
5 priorities in decision making |
Safety Compliance Quality Productivity Economy |
|
|
What is situational awareness |
The detection of elements in the environment within a volume of space and time The comprehension of their meaning The project of their status in near future |
|
|
How to improve SA |
Shared mental models Feedback HF/SA training |
|
|
What is phobia |
It is the emotional and physical reactions to feared object or situations |
|
|
4 common phenomena in groups |
Diffusion of responsibility Inter group conflict Group polarisation Social loafing |
|
|
What is diffusion of responsibility |
Idea that people are less likely to intervene to help someone when others are present |
|
|
What is inter group conflict |
Conflict of interests between groups |
|
|
Group polarisation |
The tendency for groups to make decisions that are more extreme than the initial inclinations of its members, especially when there are no opposing views |
|
|
Social loafing |
Occurence when an individual reduces their effort when working in a group compared to when they are working alone |
|
|
Motivation helps to |
Achieve goals Build self esteem and capability Create power to change Gain a positive perspective |
|
|
Factors affecting peer influence |
Gender Culture Familiarity with subject matter Relationship between individual and groups |
|
|
3 qualities that differentiate a team of people from a group |
Size Common goal Interdependence |
|
|
4 stages in team development |
Forming Storming Norming Performing |
|
|
Characteristics of an effective team |
Clear purpose Good listening Openness Shared leadership |
|
|
Responsibilities of MRO Organisations |
Define crew responsibilities Delegate tasks to appropriate crew members Provide feedback to crew on performance Promote teamwork |
|
|
What is stress |
It is the body response to any demand or pressure |
|
|
What are stressors |
Any event or condition that causes stress |
|
|
3 ways for stress management |
Prevention Defence Coping |
|
|
3 consequences of excessive time pressure |
Lead to shortcuts Degrade performance Lead to more error |
|
|
3 sources of time pressure |
Actual Perceived Self-imposed |
|
|
2 types of workload |
Physical Cognitive |
|
|
What is workload |
Overall amount of task to be performed |
|
|
Ways to manage workload |
Ensure staff are trained to do the job Provide sufficient time and manpower to complete task Give clear instructions Ensure tools and spares are available |
|
|
What is fatigue |
Body normal reaction to physical or mental stress of prolonged duration |
|
|
Causes of fatigue |
Concentrated period of physical/mental stress Shift work Sleep deficiency Poor working conditions |
|
|
Effects of shift work |
Causes fatigue Causes sleeping difficulties Causes health issues Disrupts circadian rhythm |
|
|
What is circadian rhythm |
It is an important biological regulator in living organism, helps coordinate timing of our internal bodily conditions |
|
|
Draw 24h normal sleep cycle |
|
|
|
Considerations in shift system |
Timing Duration Pattern Breaks |
|
|
NREM sleep |
Slow wave sleep Body restoration |
|
|
REM sleep |
Paradoxical sleep Brain function |
|
|
Benefits of regular exercise |
Improve fitness and health Raises morale and motivation Stabilises circadian rhythm Improves quality of sleep |
|
|
Benefits of a healthy workforce |
More energetic More alert More productive More confident |
|
|
What is noise |
An unwanted sound |
|
|
Consequences of noise |
Cause fatigue, stress, affect decision making Causes hearing loss |
|
|
3 ways of exposure to fumes/gases |
Inhalation Contact Ingestion |
|
|
3 levels of severity of toxic damage |
Acute Sub acute Chronic |
|
|
Safety precaution for fumes/gas |
Label and store chemical in proper containers in designated location Keep area well ventilated Provide mask Work in pairs or group |
|
|
What is luminance |
The intensity of light emitted from a surface per unit area in a given direction |
|
|
What is illuminance |
Amount of light striking a surface |
|
|
What is reflectance |
Amount of light reflected from a surface |
|
|
What is glare |
Seen as white flashes caused by too much light |
|
|
2 types of glare |
Direct Indirect |
|
|
Hyperthermia cause |
Hot & humid |
|
|
Hypothermia |
Cold |
|
|
Celcius to fahrenheit |
C = (F-32) × 5/9 |
|
|
Problems confined restricted spaces pose |
Obstruct and limit movement Cause difficulty in visual inspection Decreases accuracy and speed performance |
|
|
Dangers of repetitive work |
Complacency Injuries |
|
|
What is complacency |
Attitude accompanied by low awareness of the need for action against actual dangers |
|
|
Symptoms of complacency |
Boredom and inattention Satisfied with status quo Accepting lower standards of performance Neglecting personal safety equipment |
|
|
Cost of injuries |
Temporary/permanent disability Inability to perform job task Reduced productivity Lost time from work |
|
|
Visual inspection process block diagram |
Look => See => Recognise |
|
|
Issues with ageing aircraft |
Corrosion De-lamination Deterioration of electrical wires and insulation |
|
|
Factors affecting inspection reliability |
Access to aircraft Time to complete job Time on job Availability of tools and equipment |
|
|
4 Non destructive inspections |
Eddy current inspection (EDI) Magnetic particle inspection (MPI) Fluorescent penetrant inspection (FPI) Radiography Inspection (X ray) |
|
|
3 modes of communication |
Verbal or spoken Written or textual Non verbal |
|
|
Lines of communication |
Upward Downward Horizontal |
|
|
Purpose of written report |
Provide traceability Ensure good continuity of work |
|
|
2 Communication problems |
Lack of communication Poor communication |
|
|
4 Cs for communication |
Clear Concise Correct Complete |
|
|
Types of error |
Design induced, operator induced Reversible and irreversible Random, systematic, sporadic |
|
|
Slips occurs at |
Execution stage |
|
|
Lapses occurs at |
Storage stage |
|
|
Mistakes occur at |
Planning stage |
|
|
4 errors in maintenance tasks |
Error during regular maintenance task Error during less frequent maintenance task Error due to individual practices and habits Errors due to visual inspection |
|
|
4 types of violations |
Situational Optimising Routine Exceptional |
|
|
Aims of error management |
Avoid Trap Mitigate |
|
|
What is a hazard |
Condition or set of circumstances that have potential to cause harm |
|
|
What is a risk |
Likelihood of harm |
|
|
WSHA principles |
Reduce risks at source Impose higher penalties for poor safety management Promote industry ownership of standards and outcome |
|
|
WSHA purpose |
Penalties should be set at a level that reflects the true cost of poor safety management, including the cost of disruptions and inconveniences to members of the public |
|
|
Dealing with emergencies |
Stay calm and assess situation Ensure that area is safe Call for help Assess all casualties |
