Hesi - Biochemistry

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Biochemistry?

Back 1

The study of chemical processes in living organisms.

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Carbohydrates?

Back 2

Sugars & Starches; Most important function is to store and provide energy; Most abundant type of biomolecule.

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Monosaccharide?

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Simplest type of carbohydrate; Contains carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in a ratio of 1:2:1.

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Glucose?

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One of the most important carbohydrates; a monosaccharide; hexose; chemical formula:

C6H12O6

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Fructose?

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Monosaccharide commonly associated with the sweet taste of fruits. Same chemical formula as glucose, but have different molecular configurations.

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Disaccharides?

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Two monosaccharides joined together; Most well known is sucrose (sugar) which is a glucose + a fructose.

Lactose: milk sugar, a glucose + a galactose.

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Oligosaccharide?

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When 3 to 6 monosaccharides are joined together.

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Polysaccharide?

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Chains of repeating glucose units. When there are more than 6 monosaccharides (a polysaccharide) can be called a starch. Two most common: Cellulose (made by plants) and Glycogen (made by animals).

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Glycolysis?

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A chemical pathway in the body where glucose is metabolized.

The breakdown of one molecule of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate and two molecules of ATP.

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Anaerobic Glycolysis?

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Kicks in when skeletal muscles are used in vigorous exercise because there is not enough oxygen to meet demand. Happens w/o oxygen.

Converts glucose to lactate/lactic acid (causes cramps) instead of pyruvate.

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Gluconeogenesis?

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When the liver makes glucose from non-carb sources like proteins and fats

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Proteins?

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Made of amino acids (carbon bonded with four groups: Amine (NH2), Carboxyl (COOH), a hydrogen & an R group.

R group is different in every amino acid which is what gives them their identity and characteristics.

United with a dipeptide (peptide bond), a group of 30 or less are peptides or polypeptides, larger groups are proteins.

20 amino acids are needed to make all the proteins necessary for life.

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Lipids?

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Fats (oils, fats, fatty acids); Consist of a hydrocarbon chain with the acid group Carboxyl (COOH) at the end.
Used by the body for insulation against shock, maintain body temp, keep skin & hair healthy and promote health cell function. Also energy storage for the body.

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Three classifications of natural lipids?

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Lipids are found in foods, oils, milk, cheese. They can be unsaturated, saturated or polyunsaturated.

Saturated: no double bond between the carbon atoms of the FA chains.

Unsaturated: have one or more double bond between some of the carbon atoms of the FA chains, and are more desirable in our diets than saturated.

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Triglyceride? Phospholipid?

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Triglyceride: A neutral fat, three fatty acids joined to a glycerol.

Phospholipid: similar to a neutral fat, but one of the three fatty acids is replaced by a phosphate group. Essential components of cell membranes.

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Cholesterol?

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Another fat, composed of a four ring structure and a side chain. Obligatory precursor for important biological molecules like steroid hormones.

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Nucleic Acids?

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DNA & RNA; The biologic brain of life; Telling the cell what it will do and how to do it.

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Describe DNA.

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Nucleotide chain; found in all living cells and viruses; mostly found in the nucleus, but some are found in the cytoplasm & mitochondria. Very large molecules with two parts.

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Structure of DNA.

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Backbone is composed of deoxyribose, a 5 carbon sugar (pentose) and a phosphate. Chained together sugar-phosphate-sugar-phosphate. Two strands twist around each other in a double helix which run in opposite directions from each other, or are anti-parallel.

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Differences between DNA & RNA?

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RNA is a single strand of ribose, DNA is a double strand.

Also, RNA uses Uracil instead of Thymine to pair with Adenine.