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70 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
What is Biology? |
The study of life. |
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Steps for scientific experiment |
Hypothesis - statement or explanation of certain events/happenings Experiment - Repeatable procedure of gathering data to support or refute the hypothesis Conclusion |
3 steps |
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Hierarchy system of organization (Largest to smallest) |
Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species K,P,C,O,F,G,S |
K,P,C,O,F,G,S |
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Water |
-Makes life possible -2 H atoms covalently bonded 1 O atom -Polar nature allows H bonding between molecules |
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Water Attributes |
High specific heat (amount of heat needed to raise temp of one molecule by 1 C) - allows water to resist shifts in temperature.
Versatile solvent - polarity of water allows it to be used to dissolve many substances
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Hydrogen Bonding |
Cohesion - the ability of a molecule to stay bonded or attracted to another molecule of the same. (Ex: water runs together on waxed car) Adhesion - the ability of water to bond or attract other molecules or substances (Ex: Water sprayed on wall and some sticks to wall) |
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Lattice |
-when water freezes -causes the molecules to spread apart resulting in floating |
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Biologic Molecules |
-Carbohydrates -Lipids -Proteins -Nucleic Acids |
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Carbohydrates |
-Long chains (polymers) of sugar -Functions: storage, structure, energy. |
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Lipids |
-Fatty acids -Phospholipids -Steroids |
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Fatty Acids |
-Saturated fats -Unsaturated Fats |
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Saturated Fats |
-Contain no double bonds in hydrocarbon tail -Solid at room temperature -Can lead to cardiovascular problems with diets high in sat. fats |
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Unsaturated Fats |
-Contain double bond in hydrocarbon tail -Liquid at room temperature |
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Phospholipids |
-2 fatty acids varying in length bonded to phosphate group -Phosphate group is charged and polar -Hydrocarbon tail of fatty acids non polar. -Important function of cellular membranes = creates a barrier that protects cells |
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Steroids |
-Component of membranes -Many precursors to significant hormones |
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Proteins |
-Most significant contributor to cellular function -Polymers of 20 molecules called amino acids -Largest of biologic molecules |
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Enzymes |
-Types of proteins that catalyze different reactions or processes -Cellular function is catalyzed by some type of enzyme |
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Nucleic Acids |
-Components of molecules of inheritance -DNA and RNA |
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Deoxyribronucleic Acid (DNA) |
Unique molecule specific to a particular organism and contains code necessary for replication |
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Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) |
Used in transfer and as a messenger in most species of genetic code |
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Metabolism |
-The sum of all chemical reactions that occur in an organism -All reactions are catalyzed by enzymes |
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Metabolic pathways |
In a cell, reactions take place in a series of steps progressing from high energy to low energy |
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The Cell |
-Fundamental unit of biology -Consist of many components (organelles) |
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Types of Cells |
-Prokaryotic -Eukaryotic |
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Prokaryotic cells |
-No defined nucleus -Does not contain membrane bound organelles |
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Eukaryotic cells |
-Has membrane enclosed nucleus -Has membrane bound organelles that carry out functions as directed by nucleus -The more complex cell |
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Nucleus |
-Contains DNA of the cell in organized masses called chromosomes |
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Chromosomes |
-Contain all material for regeneration of cell, and instructions for the function of organelles -Every organism has characteristic # of chromosomes specific to that particular species |
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Ribosomes |
-Read RNA produced in the nucleus & translate genetic instructions to produce proteins -Cells w/ high rate of protein synthesis have a large # of ribosomes -Found attached to endoplasmic recticulum and free in cytoplasm |
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Endoplasmic Recticulum (ER) |
-Attached to nuclear membrane and has two parts: rough ER and smooth ER |
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Rough ER |
-Covered w/ ribosomes -Responsible for protein synthesis and membrane production |
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Smooth ER |
-Functions as detoxification and metabolism of multiple molecules |
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Golgi Apparatus |
-Packaging, processing, and shipping organelle -Transports materials from ER throughout cell |
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Lysosomes |
-Where intracellular digestion takes place -Packed w/ hydrolytic enzymes(can hydrolyze proteins, fats, sugars, and nucleic acids) |
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Vacuoles |
-Membrane-enclosed -Various functions depending on type of cell -Phagocytosis - uptake of food through cell membrane, creating a food vacuole -Plant cells have a central vacuole - storage, waste disposal, protection, & hydrolysis |
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Mitochondria & Chloroplasts |
-Both produce energy -Mitochondria - found in most eukaryotic cells & site of cellular respiration -Chloroplasts - found in plants & site of photosynthesis |
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Cellular Membrane |
-Most important component of cell -Protection, communication, passage of substance into & out of cell -Bilayer of phopholipids w/ proteins (cholesterol and glycoproteins throughout) -Phospholipids=amphipathic - bilayer creates a hydrophobic region between 2 layers of lipids - making it selectively permeable -Proteins that pass completely act as highways for molecules into & out of cell |
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Cellular Respiration |
-2 catabolic pathways -Anaerobic counterpart: Fermentation -C6 H12 O6 + 6O2 -->6CO2+6H2O -Process in 3 steps: Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and Electron transport chain |
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Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
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Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) used as currency of the cell
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Nicotinomide adenine dinucleoide (NADH)
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-Another compound that acts as a reducing agent and is a vehicle of stored energy -Used as a precursor to produce greater amount of ATP in final steps of respiration |
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Glycolysis
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-Step 1 of Cellular respiration -Conversion of glucose to pyruvate -Takes place in cytosol of cell -Produces 2 ATP, 2 pyruvate, and 2 NADH |
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Krebs Cycle
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-Step 2 of cellular respiration -Pyruvate transported into mitochondria - used in first reactions (Krebs Cycle) -Takes place in matrix of mitochondria -For 1 glucose consumed, 2 ATP, 6 carbon dioxide, and 6 NADH are produced |
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Electron Transport Chain
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-Step 3 of cellular respiration -Oxidation of NADH to produce oxygen and water - Electron transport chain -For every glucose molecule, 28 to 32 ATP can be produced. -Conversion results in 32 to 36 ATP for every 1 glucose consumed |
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Photosynthesis
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-Began w/ 1 glucose & resulted in a large production of energy in the form of ATP -A precursor to glucose is produced in photosynthesis. -6CO2+6H2O+Light Energy-->C6 H12 O6+6O2 -Reverse of cellular respiration -Glucose used to produce energy but energy needed to produce glucose -2 stages in photosynthesis: light reactions & Calvin cycle |
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Light Reactions
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-Step 1 of photosynthesis -Converts solar energy to chemical energy -Cell produces ATP by absorbing light and using energy to split water molecule & transfer electron, creating Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate (NADPH) & producing ATP. -Molecules used in Calvin cycle to produce sugar |
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Calvin Cycle
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-Step 2 of photosynthesis -Molecules from light reactions used to produce sugar -The sugar produced is polymerized & stored as a polymer of glucose. -Sugars are consumed by organisms or by plant itself to produce energy by cellular respiration |
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Cell reproduction
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-Cells reproduce in 3 different processes. -Fall into two categories: asexual and sexual reproduction |
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Asexual reproduction
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-Two types: -Binary fission -Mitosis |
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Binary Fission
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-Bacterial cells -Chromosome binds to plasma membrane, where it replicates -As cell grows, it pinches I two produced two identical cells |
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Mitosis
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-Cell division in 5 stages before pinching in two forming two identical cells in process called cytokinesis -5 stages are prophase, prometaphase, metaphase. anaphase, & telophase |
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Prophase
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-Stage 1 of mitosis -Chromosomes visibly separate -Each duplicated chromosome has 2 chromatids |
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Prometaphase
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-Stage 2 of mitosis -Nuclear envelope begins to disappear -Chromosomes begin to attach to the spindle that's forming along axis of cell |
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Metaphase
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-Stage 3 of mitosis -All chromosomes align along metaphase plate (center of cell) |
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Anaphase
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-Stage 4 of mitosis -Chromosomes start to separate -Chromatids considered separate chromosomes |
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Telophase
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-Stage 5 of mitosis -Chromosomes gather on either side of now separating cell. -End of mitosis |
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Sexual Reproduction
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-Different from asexual reproduction (in asexual, offspring originates from single cells, all cells produced identical) -2 cells contribute genetic material to daughter cells, resulting in greater variation -2 cells find and fertilize each other randomly, making it virtually impossible for cells to be alike. -Meiosis |
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Meiosis
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-Process that determines how reproductive cells divide in sexually reproducing organisms. -Before meiosis, period called interphase takes place (where chromosomes are duplicated & cell prepare for division) -2 distinct stages: meiosis one and meiosis two, resulting in 4 daughter cells (each contains half as many chromosomes as the parent) |
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Mitosis vs. Meiosis
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-First stage of meiosis - consists of 4 phases: prophase I, metaphase I, anaphase I, & telophase I and cytokinesis. -Significant difference in prophase I. -Nonsister chromatids of homologous chromosomes cross at numerous locations. -Small section of DNA transferred between chromosomes - increased genetic variation -Remaining 3 phases same as mitosis, with exception chromosomes pairs separate. -After first cytokinesis, meiosis two begins (all 4 stages identical to mitosis) -Resulting in 4 cells - half as many chromosomes as parent cell. |
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Genetics
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-Gregor Mendel discovered basic principles of genetics by using garden peas (observable traits in peas passed from 1 generation to next) -From Mendel, found that for every trait expressed in sexually reproducing organism, at least 2 alternative version of gene (alleles) -Simple traits - 1 of 2 types: dominant or recessive |
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Dominant allele
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-If allele is dominant for trait, letter is capitalized -If dominant allele is present, phenotype expressed will be dominant. |
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Recessive Allele
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-If allele is recessive, letter is lowercased. -Only way recessive trait will be expressed is if both alleles are recessive. |
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Homozygous
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-If both alleles are of same type, homozygous for the trait
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Heterozygous
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-If alleles are different types, organism is heterozygous
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Punnet Square
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-Used to predict genotype (combination of alleles) and phenotype (traits that will be expressed) of offspring of sexual reproduction -Alleles placed one per column for one gene and one per row for other gene -Can be used to cross any # of different traits -Probability of phenotypes will be determined -Other methods of genetic expression: multiple alleles, pleiotrophy, epistasis, polygenic inheritance |
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Pedigree
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-A family tree that traces occurrence of a certain trait through several generations
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DNA
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-Genetic material of a cell and is a vehicle for inhertiance -1953, Watson and Crick- double helical structure that contains 4 nitrogenous bases: adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine -Each base form hydrogen bonds w/ another base on complementary strand - bases have specific bonding pattern (Adenine - thymine & guanine - cytosine) -Because of bonding, strands can be replicated, producing identical strands of DNA |
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DNA
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-During replication, strands are separated. -W/ help from enzymes, new complementary strands are created to each of 2 original strands -Produces 2 new double stranded segments of DNA identical to original -Each gene along a strand of DNA is a template for protein synthesis (begins with transcription) |
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Transcription
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-An RNA strand, complementary to original strand of DNA, is produced -Piece of genetic material produced is called messenger RNA (mRNA) -RNA strand has nitrogenous bases identical to those in DNA w/ exception of uracil, which is substituted for thymine -mRNA functions as a messenger from the original DNA helix in nucleus to ribosomes in cytosol or on rough ER (then translation) |
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Translation
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-Ribosomes acts as site of translation (mRNA slide through ribosome) -Every group of 3 bases along stretch of RNA (codon) - each of these codes for specific amino acid -Anticodon located on transfer RNA (tRNA), which carries specific amino acid - binds to ribosome when codon slides though ribosome -Protein is polymer of amino acids, multiple tRNA binds in order and released by ribosome |
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Translation/transcription
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-Each amino acid is binded together & released by preceding tRNA, creating elongated chain of amino acids -Stop codon - when chain is ended -Chain is released into cytoplasm, protein folds onto itself & forms complete conformation -By dictating what is produced in translation and transcription, DNA in nucleus has control over everything taking place in cell. -Proteins that are produced will perform all different cellular functions required for cell's survival |
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