Hesi A2 Nursing Entrance Exam-Biology/chemistry

Front 1

The ___________ is the fundamental unit of life

Back 1

Cell

Front 2

The 4 elements comprising 99% of living organisms:

Back 2

C: Carbon
H: Hydrogen
N: Nitrogen
O: Oxygen

Front 3

Element

Back 3

Matter composed of atoms that all have the same atomic number.

Front 4

Atom

Back 4

The smallest component of an element that still has properties of the element--A positively charged nucleus surrounded by a charged cloud of electrons

Front 5

The particle in the nucleus with a positive charge of +1, and an atomic mass of 1

Back 5

Proton

Front 6

Neutron

Back 6

A non-charged nuclear particle with the same atomic mass as the proton

Front 7

A particle with a negative charge of -1 with a mass of 1/1837 of that of a proton.

Back 7

Electron

Front 8

Atoms with the same number of protons and electrons, but DIFFERING numbers of neutrons

Back 8

Isotopes

Front 9

Located outside the nucleus of an atom and determine properties of the atom

Back 9

Electrons

Front 10

Atomic orbitals

Back 10

The pattern of movement of electrons around the nucleus

Front 11

The transfer of electrons from one molecule (oxidation) to another (reduction) is called ______________

Back 11

The redox reaction.

Front 12

Electron sharing between two molecules results in what?

Back 12

Covalent bond

Front 13

Bond energy

Back 13

The energy required to break a covalent bond

Front 14

Possible number of covalent bonds for Hydrogen

Back 14

1 possible

Front 15

Possible number of covalent bonds for Oxygen

Back 15

2 possible

Front 16

Possible number of covalent bonds for Nitrogen

Back 16

3 possible

Front 17

Possible number of covalent bonds for Carbon

Back 17

4 possible

Front 18

Possible number of covalent bonds for Sulfur

Back 18

5 possible

Front 19

Molecule

Back 19

Two or more atoms linked by a chemical bond

Front 20

___________ bonds are formed by one atom giving up an electron to another atom.

Back 20

Ionic bonds

Front 21

___________ bonds are formed by atoms sharing electrons.

Back 21

Covalent bonds

Front 22

_____________ refers to the tendency of an atom to bind electrons

Back 22

Electronegativity

Front 23

Chemical reactivity of molecules

Back 23

Tendency to break and form chemical bonds

Front 24

_____________ release H+

Back 24

Acids

Front 25

_______________ accept H+

Back 25

Bases

Front 26

A neutral solution has a pH of ___________

Back 26

7.0

Front 27

A solution with a pH between 1-6 is _______________

Back 27

Acidic

Front 28

A solution with a pH between 8-14 is _______________

Back 28

Basic

Front 29

Hydrogen bonding results in the unique physical properties of water (4)

Back 29

High heat of vaporization
Strong surface tension
High specific heat
Solvent properties

Front 30

Organic molecules contain ________________

Back 30

Carbon

Front 31

The addition of a ________________ by a _________________ is a key regulatory switch for many biological processes.

Back 31

Phosphate group
Protein kinase

Front 32

The elements used for making the molecules of living systems must be _______________ and ______________

Back 32

Suitable and available

Front 33

A key feature of redox reactions, making them particularly important in biology, is that:

Back 33

The electron being transferred retains its energy.

Front 34

Which atom, oxygen or carbon, when paired with hydrogen, would make a covalent bond with a higher degree of polarity?

Back 34

Oxygen, with a very high electronegativity (3.5) has greater electronegativity than hydrogen (2.1)

Front 35

The 4 major classes of small biological molecules found in cells are:

Back 35

Carbohydrates, lipids, amino acids and nucleotides

Front 36

A single sugar, like glucose or fructose is a _____________

Back 36

Monosaccharide

Front 37

An example of a disaccharide would be_______________

Back 37

Sucrose

Front 38

A series of monosaccharides linked by _________________ bonds form __________________

Back 38

Glycosidic bonds, polysaccharides

Front 39

Lipids are characterized by _____________ in water and solubility in organic solvents or ________________

Back 39

Insolubility, detergents

Front 40

The most efficient energy storage molecules in cells

Back 40

Lipids

Front 41

The building blocks of protein are __________________

Back 41

Amino acids

Front 42

__________ different amino acids are used to make proteins.

Back 42

20

Front 43

Amino acids differ from one another in the structure and properties of the

Back 43

R-groups

Front 44

R groups are of three types: ____________ and charged, polar and ___________, or _____________________

Back 44

Polar and charged
Polar and uncharged
Hydrophobic

Front 45

The building blocks of RNA and DNA are _______________

Back 45

Nucleotides

Front 46

The tertiary structure of a protein refers to________________

Back 46

The overall folding of the entire polypeptide chain into a specific 3-dimensional shape.

Front 47

The secondary structure of a protein is____________

Back 47

The regular, repeated patterns of folding the protein backbone

Front 48

The most common secondary folding patterns in the protein backbone defining the protein's secondary structure are the __________________ and the ________________

Back 48

Alpha helix
Beta sheet

Front 49

The primary structure of a protein is the ___________ of _______________ that make up the polypeptide chain.

Back 49

Linear sequence
Amino acids

Front 50

The _____________________ structure of a protein results when a protein is formed from more than one polypeptide chain.

Back 50

Quaternary

Front 51

Taxonomy is the discipline of defining groups of biological organisms on the basis of________________

Back 51

Shared characteristics

Front 52

All cells arise from other cells through _________________

Back 52

Cell division

Front 53

______________ are the primary units of inheritance in all organisms

Back 53

Genes

Front 54

A gene is the primary unit of heredity, and corresponds to a region of ____________ that influences the form or function of an organism in specific ways.

Back 54

DNA

Front 55

_____________ is the first step of gene expression

Back 55

Transcription

Front 56

In transcription, a particular segment of _____ is copied into _____ by the enzyme RNA polymerase

Back 56

DNA
RNA

Front 57

RNA and DNA are __________

Back 57

Nucleic acids

Front 58

RNA and DNA use base pairs of ______________ as a complementary language that can be converted back and forth from DNA to RNA by the action of _______________

Back 58

Nucleotides
Enzymes

Front 59

During transcription, a ________ sequence is read by an ___________ polymerase, which produces a complementary antiparallel _____________ strand.

Back 59

DNA, RNA, RNA

Front 60

In ____________ replication, transcription results in a __________ complement, including uracil in all instances where thymine would have occurred in a __________ complement.

Back 60

DNA, RNA, DNA

Front 61

An organism whose cells contain a nucleus (containing DNA) and other organelles, enclosed within membranes

Back 61

Eukaryote

Front 62

________________ are a group of organisms whose cells lack a membrane-bound nucleus

Back 62

Prokaryotes

Front 63

Eukaryote cell division is either by _____________ or ____________

Back 63

Mitosis
Meiosis

Front 64

Mitosis

Back 64

The division of one cell to produce two genetically identical cells.

Front 65

Meiosis

Back 65

A diploid cell undergoes recombination of each pair of parental chromosomes and goes through two stages of cell division, resulting in four haploid cells (gametes).

Front 66

Gamete

Back 66

A haploid cell has a single complement of chromosomes.

Front 67

DNA usually occurs in _______________ chromosomes in eukaryotes, and in ______________ chromosomes in prokaryotes

Back 67

Linear
Circular

Front 68

The set of chromosomes in a cell, and any other hereditary information found in mitochondria, chloroplasts or other locations is collectively known as its ____________________

Back 68

Genome

Front 69

In eukaryotes, DNA is primarily found in the ___________ with small amounts in ________________ and ________________

Back 69

Nucleus
Mitochondria
Chloroplasts

Front 70

In prokaryotes, DNA is found in the ________________

Back 70

Nucleoid (an irregularly shaped body in the cytoplasm).

Front 71

The ability of an open system to regulate its internal environment to maintain stable conditions is____________________

Back 71

Homeostasis

Front 72

The survival of a living organism requires the continuous input of _____________

Back 72

Energy

Front 73

The primary processes for converting the potential energy within chemical substances into actual energy capable of sustaining life are ___________________ and ________________

Back 73

Metabolism
Cellular respiration

Front 74

Metabolism

Back 74

Enzyme-catalyzed reactions that allow organisms to grow, reproduce, maintain their structures and respond to their environments.

Front 75

Catabolism

Back 75

Breaks down organic matter from larger molecules to smaller ones to harvest energy in cellular respiration

Front 76

Anabolism

Back 76

Uses energy to construct components of cells such as proteins and nucleic acids

Front 77

Metabolism is typically divided into two categories: ______________ and ________________

Back 77

Catabolism
Anabolism

Front 78

All chemical reactions that occur within living organisms, including digestion and transport of substances into and between cells is called

Back 78

Metabolism

Front 79

The metabolic reactions and processes that take place in the cells of organisms to convert biochemical energy from nutrients into ATP and then release waste are known as ________________________

Back 79

Cellular respiration

Front 80

The reactions involved in cellular respiration are

Back 80

Catabolic reactions

Front 81

Cellular respiration is considered an

Back 81

Exothermic redox reaction

Front 82

Anatomy is concerned with the forms of ________________ structures, such as ________________ and _________________ systems

Back 82

Macroscopic
Organs
Organ

Front 83

A phenotype is the composite of an organisms' ____________________ characteristics or traits

Back 83

Observable

Front 84

A ________________ is the inherited instructions an organism carries within its genetic code

Back 84

Genotype

Front 85

_____________________ studies the mechanical, physical and biochemical processes of living organisms by attempting to understand how the structures function as a whole (structure-to-function concept)

Back 85

Physiology

Front 86

Living things have traditionally been divided into these 6 kingdoms

Back 86

Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Bacteria, Animalia

Front 87

In the modern alternative classification systems for living things, what are the three domains?

Back 87

Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukaryota

Front 88

In living things, what are the 8 (7 accepted) major taxonomic ranks?

Back 88

Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

Front 89

How many phyla in kingdom Animalia?

Back 89

Approximately 35

Front 90

Humans belong to which phyla?

Back 90

Chordata

Front 91

Anatomy addresses __________________, while physiology addresses___________________

Back 91

Structure
Function

Front 92

Animal cells do not have a _________________ or __________________, and if they are present, ____________ are smaller than those found in plant cells.

Back 92

Cell wall
Chloroplasts
Vacuoles

Front 93

Animal body tissues can be grouped into four basic types:

Back 93

Connective
Epithelial
Muscle
Nervous