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148 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Health Psychology
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field devoted to understanding psychological influences on why people stay healthy, become ill, and how they respond when they become ill
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Health (1948 World Health Organization)
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a complete state of physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity
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Wellness
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the optimum state of health
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Etiology
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the origin or cause of illness
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Mind-Body relationship
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whether the mind and body operate indistinguishably as a single system or whether they act as two seperate systems
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conversion hysteria
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by Freud: that specific unconscious conflicts can produce physical disturbances symbolic of the repressed conflict; no longer a dominant view in HP
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psychosomatic medicine
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a field that studies and treats particular diseases believed to be caused by emotional conflicts (now used more broadly to mean an approach to health-related problems and diseases that examines psychological as well as somatic origins
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biopsychosocial model
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health and illness are consequences of the interplay of biological, psychological, and social factors
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biomedical model
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illness can be explained on the basis of aberrant somatic bodily processes.
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systems theory
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maintains that all levels of organization in any entity are linked to each other hierarchically and that change in any one level will effect change in all other levels
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acute disorders (tuberculosis, pneumonia, short-term illnesses)
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was the leading cause of death in the US until the 20th century.
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chronic illness (heart disease, cancer, diabetes)
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as of now are the main contributors to disability and death, particularly in industrialized countries.
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chronic illness - definition
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slowly developing diseases with which people live for a long time.
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Epidemiology
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study of the frequency, distribution and causes of infectious and noninfectious disease in the population
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morbidity
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the number o cases of a disease that exists at some given point in time.
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mortality
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refers to the number of deaths due to particular causes
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experiment
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two or more conditionsthat differ from each other in exact and predetermined ways
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randomized clinical trials
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an experimental study of the effects of a variable adminstered to human subjects who are randomly selected from a broad population and assigned on a random basis to either an experimental or control group...with the goal to determine the clinical efficacy and pharmocological effect of the drug or procedure
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correlation research
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measure whether a change in one variable corresponds with a change in another variable
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prospective research
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looks forward in time to see how a gorup of individuals change, or how a relationship between two variables changes over time.
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longitudinal research
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the same people are observed over a long perido of time
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retrospective research
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looks backward in time in an attempt to reconstruct the conditions that led to a current situation
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Nervous system
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a complex network of interconnected fibers
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sympathetic nervous system
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prepares the body to respond to emergenceis, to strong emotions such as anger or fear, and to srenuous activity
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sympathetic nervous system
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prepares the body to respond to emergenceis, to strong emotions such as anger or fear, and to strenuous activity
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medulla
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the part of the brain that receives autonomic functions (heart rate, blood pressure, respiration)
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pons
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the part of hindbrain that links the hindbrain to the midbrain and helps in respiration
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cerebellum
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the part of the hindbrain responsible for the coordination of voluntary muscle movements, the maintenance of balance and equilibrium, and the maintenance of muscle tone and posture
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thalamus
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the portion of the forebrain responsible for the recognition of sensory stimuli and the relay of sensory impulses of the cerebral cortex.
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hypothalamus
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the part of the forebrain responsible for regulating water balance and controlling hunger and sexual desire; assists in cardiac functioning, blood pressure regulation, and respiratory regulation, plays a major role in regulation of the endocrine system, which controls the release of hormones, including those related to stress.
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cerebral cortex
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the main portion of the brain, responsible for intelligence, memory, and the detection and interpretation of sensation
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neurotransmitters
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chemicals that regulate nervous system functioning
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catecholamines
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the neurotransmitters, epinephrine and norepinephrine, that promote sympathetic nervous system activity; released in substantial quantities during stressful times
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endocrine system
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a bodily system of ductless glands that secrete hormones into the blood to stimulate target organs; interacts with nervous system functioning
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pituitary gland
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a gland located at the base of and controlled by the brain that secretes the hormones responsible for growth and organ development
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adrenal glands
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two small glands, located on top of the kidneys, that are part of the endocrine system and secrete several hormones, including cortisol, epinephrine, and norepinephrine, that are involved in responses to stress.
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cardiovascular system
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the transport system of the body responsible for carrying oxygen and nutrients to the body and carrying away carbon dioxide and other wastes to the kidneys for excretion; composed of the heart, blood vessels, and blood.
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atherosclerosis
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a major cause of heart disease; caused by the narrowing of the arterial walls due to the formation of plaques that reduce the flow of blood through the arteries and interfere with the passage of nutrients from the capillaries into the cells
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angina pectoris
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chest pain that occurs because the muscle tissue of the heart is deprived of adequate oxygen or because removal of carbon dioxide and other waste interferes with the flow of blood and oxygen to the heart
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myocardial infarction (MI)
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a heart attack produced when a clot has developed in a coronary vessel, blocking the flow of blood to the heart
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blood pressure
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the force that blood exerts against vessel walls
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platelets
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small disks found in vertebrate blood that contribute to blood coagulation
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respiratory system
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the system of the body responsible for taking in oxygen, excreting carbon dioxide, and regulating the relative composition of the blood
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renal system
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part of the metabolic system; responsible for the regulation of bodily fluids and the elimination of wastes; regulates bodily fluids by removing surplus water, surplus electrolytes, and waste products generated by the metabolism of food
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kidney dialysis
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a procedure in which blood is filtered to remove toxic substances and excess fluid from the blood of patients whose kidneys do not function properly
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immunity
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the body's resistance to injury from invading organisms, acquired from the mother at birth, through disease, or through vaccinations and inoculations
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phagocytosis
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the process by which phagocytes ingest and attempt to eliminate a foreign invader
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humoral immunity
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a fast-acting immunologic reaction mediated by B lymphocytes and secrete antibodies into the bloodstream; effective in defending against bacterial infections and viral infections that have not yet invaded the cells
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cell-mediated immunity
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a slow-acting immunologic reaction involving T lymphocytes from the thymus gland; effective in defending against viral infections that have invaded the cells, and against fungi, parasites, foreign tissues, and cancer
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lymphatic system
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the drainage system of the body; believed to be involved in immune functioning
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autoimmunity
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a condition in which the body produces an immune response against its own tissue constituents
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health promotion
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a general philosophy maintaining that health is a personal and collective achievement; the process of enabling people to increase control over and improve their health. It may occur through individual efforts, through interaction with medical system, and thought a concerted health policy effort
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at risk
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a state of vulnerability to a particular health problem by virtue of heredity, health, or family constituents
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health behaviors
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behaviors undertaken by people to enhance or maintain their health, such as exercise or the consumption of a healthy diet
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health habit
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a health-related behavior that is firmly established and often performed automatically, such as buckling a seat belt or brushing one's teeth.
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primary prevention
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measures designed to combat risk factors for illness before an illness has a chance to develop
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health locus of control
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the perception that one's health is under control; is controlled by powerful others, such as physicians; or is determined by external factors, including chance
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socialization
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the process by which people learn the norms, rules, and beliefs associated with their family and society
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teachable moment
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the idea that certain times are more effective for teaching particular health practices than others; pregnancy constitutes this for getting women to stop smoking
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window of vulnerability
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the fact that, at certain times, people are more vulnerable to particular health problems.
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fear appeals
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efforts to change attitudes by arousing fear to induce the motivation to change behavior; this is used to get people to avoid poor health habits
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health belief model
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a theory of health behaviors, the model predicts that whether a person practices a particular health habit can be understood by knowing a degree to which the person perceives a personal health threat and the perception that a particular health practice will be effective in reducing that threat
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self-efficacy
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the perception that one is able to perform a particular action
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theory of planned behavior
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from the theory of reasoned action; a viewpoint maintaining that a persons behavioral intentions and behaviors can be understood by knowing the person's attitudes toward the behavior, subjective norms regarding the behavior, and perceived behavioral control over the action
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cognitive behavioral theory
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the use of principles from learning theory to modify the cognitions and behaviors associated with a behavior to be modified; these approaches are used to modify poor health habits, such as smoking, poor diets, and alcoholism
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self-monitoring
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assessing the frequency, antecedents, and consequences of a target behavior to be modified; also known as self-observation
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classical conditioning
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the pairing of a stimulus with an unconditioned reflex, such that over time a new stimulus acquire a conditioned response, evoking the same behavior., the process by which an automatic response is conditioned to a new stimulus
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operant conditioning
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the pairing of a voluntary, nonautomatic behavior with a new stimulus through reinforcement or punishment
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modeling
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learning gained from observing another person performing a target behavior
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discriminative stimulus
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an environmental stimulus that is capable of eliciting a particular behavior
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stimulus control interventions
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interventions designed to modify behavior that involve the removal of discriminative stimuli that evoke a behavior targeted for change and the substitution of new discriminative stimuli that will evoke a desired behavior
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self control
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a state in which an individual desiring to change behavior learns how to modify the antecedents and the consequences of that target behavior
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self reinforcement
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systematically rewarding or punishing ones self to increase or decrease the occurrence of a target behavior
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contingency contracting
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a procedure in which an individual forms a contract with another person, such as a therapist, detailing rewards or punishments are contingent on the performance or non performance of a target behavior
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cognitive restructuring
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a method of modifying internal monologues in stress producing situations, clients are trained to monitor what they say to themselves in stress provoking situations and then to modify their cognitions in adaptive ways
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behavioral assignments
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home practice activities that clients perform on their own as apart of an integrated therapeutic intervention for behavior modification
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assertiveness training
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techniques that train people how to be appropriately assertive in social situations often included as part of health behavior modification programs, on the assumption that some poor health habits such as excessive alcohol consumption or smoking, develop in part to control difficulties in being appropriately assertive
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social skills training
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techniques that train people how to relax and interact comfortably in social situations; often a part of health behavior modification programs, on the assumption that maladaptive health behaviors, such as alcohol consumption or smoking may develop in part to control social anxiety
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relaxation training
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procedures that help people relax; includes progressive muscle relaxation and deep breathing; may also include guided imagery and forms of meditation or hypnosis
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broad spectrum cognitive behavior therapy
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the use of a broad array of cognitive behavioral intervention techniques to modify an individuals health behavior
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abstinence violation effect
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a feeling of loss of control that results when one has violated self imposed rules such as not to smoke or drink
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relapse prevention
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a set of techniques designe to keep people from relpsing to prior poor health habits after initial successful behavior modification; includes training in coping skills for high risk for relapse situations and lifestyle rebalancing
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self talk
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internal monologues; people tell themselves things that may undermine or help them implement appropriate health habits such as "i can stop smoking" (positive) or "I'll never be able to do this" (negative)
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lifestyle rebalancing
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concerted lifestyle change in a healthy direction, usually including exercise, stress management, and a healthy diet , believed to contribute to relapse prevention after successful modifications of a poor health habit, such as smoking or drinking
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transtheoretical model of behavior change
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a model that analyzes the stages and processes people go through in attempting to bring about a change in behavior and seuggested treatment goals and interventions for each state.
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social engineering
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involves modifying the environment in ways that affect peole ability to practice a particular health behavior
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aerobic exercise
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sustained exercise that stimulates and strengthens the heart and lungs, improving the body's utilization of oxygen (high intensity, long duration, requisite high endurance)
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Breast self examination
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the practice of checking the breasts to detect alterations in the underlying tissue (once a month, 10 days into menstration, standing up and lying down)
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testicular self examination
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in a warm bath or shower rotating testies to check there are no lumps
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obesity
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an excessive accumulation of body fat, that contributes to a variety of health disorders
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yo yo dieting
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the process of chronically altering between dieting and regular eating. leading to successive wieght gains and losses... this increases the chance of becomeing obese by altering the underlying metabolism
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set point theory of weight
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idea that each individual has an ideal biological weight, which cannot be greatly modified
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stress eating
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eating in response to stress.... half of the world does this
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anorexia nervosa
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an obsessive disorder amounting to self starvations, in which an individual diets and exercises to the point that body wieght is grossly below optimum level, threatiening health and potentially leading to death
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bulimia
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eating syndrome characterized by alternating cycles of binge eating and purging through such techniques as vomiting, laxative abuser, extreme dieting or fasting
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physical dependence
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the state that occurs when the body has adjusted to the substance into the normal functioning of the body's tisseu
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tolerance, t
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the process by which the body increasingly adapsts to the use of a substance, requring larger and larger doses of it to obtain the same effects and eventually reaching the plateau
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craving
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is a strong desire to engae in behavior or consume a substance
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addiction
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occurs when a person has become physically or psychologicailly dependent on a substance following repeated use over time
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withdrawal,
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refers to the unpleaseant symptoms both physical and psych that people experience when they stop using a substance which they hav ebeocoem edependent
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problem drinking and alcoholism
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an alcoholic is someone physically addicted to alcohol
problem drinkers may not have the symptoms, but they may have substantiated social, psychological but they may have substantial social, psycho, and medical problems resulting from alcohol |
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detoxification
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the first phase of treatment , can produce severe symptoms and health problems.
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controlled drinking
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skills so they can moderate their alcohol consumption
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placebo drinking
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consumption of non alcoholic while others are drinking alcohol. or alternating alcoholic and non alcoholic drinks
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self help aids
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programs to help people quit on their own
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smoking prevention programs
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these aim to catch potential smokers early and attack the underlying motivations that led people to smoke
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social influence intervention
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an early program to keep adolescents from smoking ...2 theoretical approaches were, parental smoking and peer pressure promote smoke in adolescents
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behavioral inoculation
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similar to rationale to inoculation against disease, if one can expose an individual to a weak dose of some germ, one may prevent infection because antibodies against that germ will develop...if one can edpose individuals to a weak version of a persuasive message, they may develop counterarguements against that message so they can successfully resist it if they encounter it in a stronger form
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life skills training approach
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deals with cigarrette smoking per se in only a small way... if adolsensent are trained in slef esteem and coping enhancement as well as social skills they will not fell as much need to smoke to bolster self image.
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passive (second hand) smoking
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inhaling smoke and smoke air produce by smokers
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stress
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negative emotional experience accompanied by predictable biochemical, physiological, cognitive, and behavioral changes that are directed either toward altering the stressful event or accommodating its effect
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stressors
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stressful events
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fight or flight response
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when a threat it perceived, the body rapidly aroused and motivated via the sympathic nervous system and endocrine systems fight is aggressive response to stress and flight is social withdrawal
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general adaption syndrome
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developed by Hans Selye a profile of how organism respond to stress, the general adaption syndrome is characterized by three phases; a nonspecific mobilization phase,(promotes sympathetic nervous system activity) a resistance phase (during which the organism makes efforts to cope with the threat) and an exhaustion phase, which occurs if the organism fails to overcome the threat and depletes in physiological resources
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tend and befriend
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theory, in addition to fight or flight humans respond to stress with social affiliation and nurturant behavior toward offspring (especially true of women)
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primary appraisal
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psycho view of stress, when an individual confront new or changing environments they engage in this to determine the meaning of the event
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secondary appraisal
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during same time as primary appraisal, this is the assessment of ones coping abilities and resources whether they will be sufficient to meet the harm, threat, and challenge of the event
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reactivity
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the degree of change that occurs in autonomic, neuroendocrine, and or immune responses as a result of stress
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allostatic load
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concept refers to the fact that physiological systems within the body fluctuate to meet demands from stress, a state called allostasis
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chronic strain
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a stressful experience that is usual but continually stressful aspect of life
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aftereffects of stress
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performance and attentional decrements through such symptoms as stereotyped drinking, drinking to maintain blood alcohol at a particular level, increasing frequency and severity of withdrawal, drinking early in the day and the middle of the night, a sense of loss of control over drinking, and a subjective craving for alcohol
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post traumatic stress disorder
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a syndrome that results after the exposure to a stressor of extreme magnitude, marked by emotional numbing, reliving of aspects of the trauma, intense responses to other stressful events, and other symptoms, such as hyperalertness, sleep disturbances, guilt, or impaired memory or concentration
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acute stress paradigm
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a laboratory procedure whereby an individual goes through moderately stressful procedures so that stress related changes in emotions and physiological and or neuroendocrine processes may be assessed
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stressful life events
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events that force an individual to make changes in his or her life
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daily hassles
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minor stressful events
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role conflicts
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occurs when a person receives conflicting information about work tasks or standards from different individuals
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stress moderators
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these modify how stress is experienced and the effects it has
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coping
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thoughts and behaviors used to manage the internal and external demands of situations that are appraised as stressful
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negative affectivity
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a pervasive negative mood marked by anxiety, depression and hostility
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psychological control
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belief that one can determine one's own behavior, influence ones environment, and bring about desired outcomes
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control enhancing interventions
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interventions with patients who are awaiting treatment for the purpose of enhancing their perceptions of control over those treatments
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self esteem
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a global evaluation of one's qualities and attributes
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coping style
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a general propensity to deal with stressful events in a particular way.
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avoidant (minimizing) coping style
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the tendency to cope with threatening events by withdrawing, minimizing or avoiding them, believed to be a effective short term, (not long term) response to stress
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approach (confrontative, vigilant) coping style
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the tendency to cope with stressful events by tackling them directly and attempting to develop solutions; may ultimately be an especially effective method of coping, although it may produce accompanying distress
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coping outcomes
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the beneficial effects that are thought to result from successful coping; included reducing stress, adjusting more successfully to it, maintaining emotional equilibrium, having satisfying relationships with others, and maintaining a positive self-image
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social support
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information from other people that one is loved and cared for, esteemed and valued, and part of a network of communication and mutual obligation
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tangible assistance
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provisions of material support, such as service, financial assistance, or goods
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informational support
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the provision of information to a person experiencing stress by friends, family and other people in the individual's social network; believed to help reduce the distressing and health compromising effects of stress
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emotional support
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support given by family and friends...it is reassuring the person they are a valued individual who is cared for. helps them approach stress with greater assurance
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invisible support
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when one receives help but is unaware of it, this help is most likely to benefit the recipient
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direct effects hypothesis
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this maintains that social support is generally beneficial during non stressful as well as stressful times
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buffering hypothesis
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this maintains that the physical and mental health benefits of social support are chiefly evident during periods of high stress; with low stress, social support my offer few such benefits. social support acts as a reserve...
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matching hypothesis
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hypothesis that a match between what one needs and what one receives from others in one's social network
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stress management
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involvement of the patient in all aspects of a chronic illness, including medication management, changes in social and vocational roles, and coping
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time management
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skills for learning how to use ones time more effectively to accomplish ones goals
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stress inoculation
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the process of identifying stressful events in ones life and learning skills for coping with them. so that when the events come up, one can put those coping skills into effect
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stress carriers
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individuals who create stress for others without necessarily increasing their own levels of stress
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