Health Assessment Exam 2: Heart And Neck

Front 1

What are the 6 structures of the heart?

Back 1

1. Precordium

2. Apex

3. Base

4. Pericardium

5. Myocardium

6. Endocardium

Front 2

Area of the chest that overlays the heart and great vessels

Back 2

Precordium

Front 3

Where is the apex located?

Back 3

At the bottom of the heart

Front 4

Where is the base located?

Back 4

At the top of the heart

Front 5

What is the function of the heart?

Back 5

Circulate blood

Front 6

What are the 2 different pumps in the body to circulate blood?

Back 6

1. Pulmonary circulation--pump on right

2. Systemic circulation--pump on left

Front 7

What are the 3 layers of the heart?

Back 7

1. Pericardium

2. Myocardium

3. Endocardium

Front 8

Tough, fibrous double-walled sac surrounding the heart

Back 8

Pericardium

Front 9

What is the function of the pericardium?

Back 9

Protection and lubrication

Front 10

Muscular layer of the heart

Back 10

Myocardium

Front 11

What is the function of the myocardium?

Back 11

Pumps blood

Front 12

Inner lining of the heart; extends into blood vessels; smooth injury

Back 12

Endocardium

Front 13

What are the 2 components of the cardiac cycle?

Back 13

1. Systole

2. Diastole

Front 14

What are the 5 characteristics of systole?

Back 14

1. Ventricular contraction

2. Blood pumped into pulmonic and systemic circulation

3. Tricuspid and mitral valves are shut

4. Semilunar valves are open

5. 1/3 of cardiac cycle

Front 15

What are the 4 characteristics of diastole?

Back 15

1. Ventricles relax

2. Ventricles fill with blood

3. Tricuspid and mitral valves are open

4. 2/3 of cardiac cycle

Front 16

What are the 4 heart sounds?

Back 16

1. S1

2. S2

3. S3

4. S4

Front 17

What are the 3 characteristics of S1?

Back 17

1. Closure of mitral and tricuspid valves

2. Signals beginning of systole

3. Loudest at apex

Front 18

What are the 3 characteristics of S2?

Back 18

1. Closure of aortic and pulmonic valves

2. Signals end of systole

3. Loudest at base

Front 19

What is an S3 heart sound cased by?

Back 19

Vibrations from ventricular filling

Front 20

What are the 2 characteristics of S4?

Back 20

1. Occurs at end of diastole--when ventricles are resistant to filling

2. Occurs immediately prior to S1

Front 21

When does S1 and S2 happen?

Back 21

During systole

Front 22

When does S3 and S4 happen?

Back 22

During diastole

Front 23

What is the pneumonic to follow when performing a cardiac assessment?

Back 23

APE-TO-MAN or All People Enjoy Time Magazine

Front 24

What is the order of the auscultatory points of the heart? (5)

Back 24

1. Aortic

2. Pulmonic

3. Erb's point

4. Tricuspid area

5. Mitral area

Front 25

Where can you access the 5 auscultatory points of the heart?

Back 25

1. 2nd ICS, right sternal border

2. 2nd ICS, left sternal border

3. 3rd ICS, left sternal border

4. 4th ICS, left sternal border

5. 5th ICS at the midclavicular line/PMI

Front 26

What are the 2 characteristics of murmurs?

Back 26

1. Due to turbulence of blood flow

2. Blowing, swooshing sound heard over precordium

Front 27

What are the 6 grades of murmurs?

Back 27

1. Grade 1--very difficult to hear

2. Grade 2--quiet, but fairly easy to hear; no thrill

3. Grade 3--fairly loud; no thrill

4. Grade 4--loud; thrill usually detected

5. Grade 5--very loud, audible with stethoscope partially off chest; palpable thrill

6. Grade 6--extremely loud, audible with stethoscope slightly off chest wall; palpable thrill

Front 28

Where can S2 be heard louder than S1?

Back 28

At the base of heart

Front 29

Where can S1 be heard louder than S2?

Back 29

At the apex of heart

Front 30

What are the 7 characteristics of murmurs?

Back 30

1. Timing

2. Location

3. Duration

4. Radiation

5. Pitch

6. Pattern

7. Intensity

Front 31

Scratchy, scraping sound with both diastole and systole

Back 31

Pericardial friction rub

Front 32

What causes pericardial friction rub?

Back 32

Friction from cardiac movement in pericardial sac

Front 33

Where is a pericardial friction rub best heard?

Back 33

Erb's point

Front 34

When might a pericardial friction rub increase?

Back 34

When a patient leans forward

Front 35

What do SA nodes do?

Back 35

-Initiate pulse

-AKA "pace maker"

Front 36

What do AV nodes do?

Back 36

Delays impulse to allow ventricles to fill with blood

Front 37

What are the 4 components of the cardiac cycle?

Back 37

1. P-wave

2. QRS complex

3. ST segment

4. T-wave

Front 38

What is the P-wave?

Back 38

Contraction of atria

Front 39

What is the QRS complex?

Back 39

Contraction of ventricles

Front 40

What is the ST segment?

Back 40

Ventricles getting ready for next contraction

Front 41

What is the T-wave?

Back 41

Recovery of cells to resting state

Front 42

Volume of blood pumped from the heart in 1 min.

Back 42

Cardiac output

Front 43

How do you calculate cardiac output?

Back 43

HR x Stroke Volume

Front 44

Volume of blood pumped in one contraction

Back 44

Stroke volume

Front 45

Number of times the heart contracts in 1 min.

Back 45

Heart rate

Front 46

Stretch on myocardium and volume

Back 46

Preload

Front 47

Resistance to blood flow

Back 47

Afterload

Front 48

Where do the right ventricles pump to?

Back 48

Lungs

Front 49

Where do the left ventricles pump to?

Back 49

Body

Front 50

When does decreased cardiac output occur?

Back 50

When the heart fails as a pump and the circulation becomes backed and congested

Front 51

The hearts inability to pump enough blood to meet the metabolic demands of the body

Back 51

Congestive heart failure

Front 52

In a cardiovascular assessment for the elderly, a gradual rise in _________ is common.

Back 52

Systolic blood pressure

Front 53

A sudden drop in blood pressure when rising to sit or stand

Back 53

Orothostatic hypertension

Front 54

What are the 2 pulses in the neck?

Back 54

1. Carotid artery

2. Jugular venous

Front 55

Where is the carotid artery pulse located?

Back 55

In groove between trachea and sternal mastoid muscle

Front 56

Murmur-like sound which arises from turbulent arterial blood flow

Back 56

Bruit

Front 57

What does the carotid artery pulse closely coincide with?

Back 57

Ventricular systole

Front 58

What 2 things does a jugular venous pulse reflect?

Back 58

1. Filling pressure of the right atrium

2. Changes in volume

Front 59

What are the 2 jugular veins?

Back 59

1. Internal

2. External

Front 60

In infants and children, what is their range of heart rate?

Back 60

100-180 bpm

Front 61

In a pregnant women, their resting pulse rate could be what?

Back 61

10-15 bpm

Front 62

Difficulty breathing

Back 62

Dyspnea

Front 63

Inability to breathe when supine

Back 63

Orthopnea

Front 64

Urinating during the night

Back 64

Nocturia

Front 65

What are 2 cardiac risk factors?

Back 65

1. Smoking

2. Sedentary lifestyle