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186 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Acute Tonsillitis & Pharyngitis
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-bright red throat
-swollen tonsils -white or yellow exudate -enlarged anterior cervical and tonsillar nodes -dysphagia -fever over 101 of sudden onset ALL SORE THROATS NEED A THROAT CULTURE |
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Bifid Uvula
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Splitting of the uvula; Common in Native Americans
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Cleft Palate
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congenital defect; common in indians and inuits
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Oral Kaposi's Sarcoma
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bruise-like macules on palate; earliest lesions to develop with AIDS
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Enlarged Tongue
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not painful/impairs speech; Down Syndrome, myxedema, acromeagly
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Black Hairy Tongue
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Fungal Infection; develops with the over use of antibitocs
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Smooth Glossy Tongue
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(atrophic glossitis); B12 deficiency/ pernicious anemia
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Fissured or Scrotal Tongue
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White tongue with deep fissures; occurs with dehydration
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Ankyloglossia
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"tongue tied"; short lingual frenumlum
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Malocclusion
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arches of teeth not in alignment; even spacing
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Chelitis
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Cracking of the corners of the lips; ill-fitting dentures/drooling
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Perforated Septum
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hole in septum; occurs with snorting cocaine, chronic infection, trauma
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Foreign Body in the Nose
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common in children; produces a unilateral mucopurulent drainage and foul odor; risk for aspiration occurs
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Epistaxis
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most common site=kiesselbach's plexus
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What happens to the facial feature in the older adult?
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they become more prominent due to a loss in subcutaneous fat
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Why are the teeth of the aging adults yellow?
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dentin is visible though worn enamel
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What does the tongue look like in the aging adult?
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smoother as a result of papillary atrophy; buccal mucosa is thinned and looks shiner
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What cranial nerve is being tested when you ask a patient to stick their tongue out?
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XII
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What does a tongue that deviates towards the paralyzed side indicate?
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cranial nerve XII damage
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What does a fine tremor in the tongue tongue indicate?
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hyperthyroidism
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What does a coarse tremor in the tongue indicate?
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cerebral palsy or alcoholism
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What does a +1 tonsil look like?
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the tonsils are visible
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What do +2 tonsils look like?
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halfway between pillars and uvula
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What do +3 tonsils look like?
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touching the uvula
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What do +4 tonsils look like?
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touching each other
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What is leukoplakia?
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chalky white raised patch of the buccal mucosa
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Stensons Duct?
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From parotid gland; cheek 2nd molar
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Wharton's Gland?
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either side of frenumlum
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What is leukoedema?
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grayish patch in buccal mucoas; common in black
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When does a small tongue occur?
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with malnutrition
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When does dry mouth occur?
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dehydration and fever
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When does circumoral pallor occur?
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with shock and anemia
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When does circumoral cyanosis appear?
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hypoxemia; chilling
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When do cherry lips occur?
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Carbon monoxide poisoning
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What do nasal polyps look like?
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smooth gray avascular mobile and nontender
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What does a deviated septum look like?
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a hump or shelf in one nasal cavity
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What is rhinitis?
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redness and swelling of nasal mucosa with URI
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Why might self-care be decreased in the aging adult?
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physical disability (arthritis), vision loss, confusion, depression
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What is xerostomia?
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dry mouth; which is a side effect of many drugs
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What is dysphagia and when may it occur?
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difficulty swallowing; pharyngitis,stroke, esophageal cancer
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What may happen with the misuse of OTC nasal medications?
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rebound swelling
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What are the two types of rhinitis?(allergies)
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seasonal(pollen)
perennial (dust) |
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What do you do if someone has a nose bleed?
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head tilted forward, pinch nose between thumb and forefinger for 5 to 15 minutes
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When could epistaxis occur?
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trauma, vigorous nose blowing, foreign body
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What is rhinorrhea and when does it occur?
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runny nose; occurs with allergies, colds, sinus infections, trauma
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What is torus palatinus?
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bony ridge in the middle of the hard palate; native americans
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What culture has oral hyperpigmentation?
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blacks
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What are some reasons why the aging adult has changes in eating habits?
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dentures, diminished smell and taste, decrease in saliva production, want to eat softer food so they decrease meat and fresh vegetables
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What happens to the nasal hairs in the aging adult?
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become coarser and stiffer and do not filter as well
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What sinuses are present at birth?
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maxillary and ethmoid
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what are the functions of the sinuses?
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-make skull lighter
-resonators for sound production -provides mucous |
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What are the functions of the turbinates?
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-increase surface area
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what are vibrissae?
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coarse nasal hairs
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Blue Drum
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blood in the middle ear resulting in skull fracture
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Scarred Drum
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dense white patches; dont necessarily affect hearing
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Cholesteatoma
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pearly white cheesy appearance; odor
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Perforation of TM
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may occur from trauma or untreated acute otitis media
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Acute otitis media
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middle ear fluid is infected; red, bulging eardrum(untreated can lead to perforation)
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Otitis media with effusion
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amber-yellow drum; air bubbles behind drum; popping sounds
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Retracted drum
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negative pressure and middle ear vacuum from obstructed e. tube
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What is otitis externa?
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painful movement of pinna and tragus
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Frostbite
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reddish blue discoloration and swelling of auricle
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Romberg test
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balance
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Webber test
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negative result; top of head
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Rinne test
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AC>BC
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What is an early sign of otitis media?
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drum hypermobility
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What is atresia?
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absence or closure of eardrum
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what is microtia?
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small ear <4cm
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what is macrotia?
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big ear >10 cm
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What is the most common cause of conductive hearing loss?
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impacted cerumen; cotton applicators
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What are the types of vertigo?
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objective= room spinning
subjective= i'm spinning |
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What is tinnitus?
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ringing in the ears that is more prominent in silences
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What is recruitment?
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marked loss when sound is at low intensity but becomes painful with repeated in loud voice
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What is presbycusis?
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gradual onset of hearing loss due to age; gradual sensorineural loss caused by degeneration in the inner ear or auditory nerve
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What is otaglia?
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ear pain
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What neurological cause affects the aging adults hearing?
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auditory reaction time increases after age 70 so it takes longer for them to process and respond
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What happens to the cilia lining of the ear in the aging adult?
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becomes coarse and stiff and may decrease hearing because it impedes sound waves traveling toward the TM
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What is otosclerosis?
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common cause of conductive hearing loss ages 20 - 40; hardening that causes the foot plate of the stapes to be fixed at the oval window
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What is sensorineural hearing loss?
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pathology of the inner ear, CN VIII or auditory areas of cerebral cortex
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What is conductive hearing loss?
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involves mechanical function of the external or middle ear
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Where do the vibrations of bone conduction transmit to?
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the inner ear and cn VIII
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what is binaural interaction?
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function at brainstem level which permits locating the direction of sound and identifying it
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What is the amplitude of a sound
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how loud it is
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what is the frequency of a sound?
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the pitch
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What is glaucoma?
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increase in ocular pressure from blocked outflow of aqueous humor; cloudy vision eye pain; halos around lights; emergency treatment to avoid vision loss
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What is conjunctivitis?
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pink eye; very contagious
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What is a hordeolum?
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stye; infection of eyelash hair follicle
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What is a chalazion?
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infected cyst; protrudes on the lid
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What is entropion?
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lids roll in; lashes may irritate cornea
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What is ectropion?
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lid rolling out; occurs in aging because of atrophy of elastic and fibrous tissue
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What are the facial features of Down Syndrome?
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upward paperbral slant, large space between the eyes; small flat nose
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Ptosis
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drooping of the upper lid; neuromuscular weakness, cn III damage or sympathetic nerve damage; sleepy appearance and impairs vision
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Enophthalmos
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sunken eyes
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Exopthalmos
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protruding eyes
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Perorbital edema
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swelling around the eye; indicates heart or kidney problem
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What is a drusen?
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benign degenerative hyaline deposits that are a normal devlopment on the eye
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What are xanthelasma?
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soft raised yellow plaques occuring on the lids at the inner canthus; common in 5th decade of life and more in women; normal finding
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arcus senilis
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gray-white arc or circle around the limbus
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What are pingueculae?
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commonly shown on sclera; yellowish elevated nodules are due to thickening of the bublar conjunctive and from prolonged exposure to sun wind and dust normal
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Strabismus
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squint, cross eye
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red reflex
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caused by reflection of opthalmoscope light off the inner retina
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PERRLA
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Pupil
Equal size 3-5 mm round reacts to light accommodation |
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Anisocoria
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people who normally have different size pupils
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Scleral icterus
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jaundice of the sclera extending to cornea
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What does the absence of the lateral third of the brow indicate?
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hypothyroidism
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What disorder does lid lag occur with?
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hyperthyroidism
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Nystagmus
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fine oscillating movement best seen around the iris
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What is presbyopia?
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decrease of power in accommodation with age;
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Numbers of the snellen eye chart
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the larger the denominator, the poorer the vision
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What does macular degeneration cause?
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a loss in central vision acuity
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Lacrimation
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tearing
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Epiphora
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excessive tearing
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Diplopia
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double vision
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Photophobia
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inability to tolerate light
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The sudden onset of eye symptoms . . .
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may be an emergency
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Scotoma
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blind spot; occurs with glaucoma, optic nerve and visual pathway disorders
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What does acute onset of floaters indicate?
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retinal detachment
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What causes common floaters?
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condensed vitreous fibers and common with myopia or after middle ages
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What are the common causes of decreased visual functioning in the aging population?
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cataracts(lens opacity); glaucoma; macular degeneration
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What happens to the pupil size in the aging adult?
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decreases
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Pupils in a dying patient
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dilate
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Pupils with too much narcotics
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pin point pupils
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Pupils with street drugs
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dilate
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What happens to moisture in the aging eye?
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decrease in tear production and a feeling of dryness and burning
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What occurs in the eyes with accommodation?
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convergence of axes and pupillary constriction
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Scleroderma
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"hard skin" connective tissue disorder
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CVA
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person is still able to wrinkle forhead and close eyes
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Bell's Palasy
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Rapid onset; complete paralysis of one side of face and they can not wrinkle eye brown or close eye
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Myxedema
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hypothyroidism; puffy face especially around eyes; dry skin, coarse hair and eye brows
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Hyperthyroidism
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graves disease is the most common cause; goiter (increase in size of thyroid)
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Cushing's Syndrome
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moon like face
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Parkinson's
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flat expressionless; stary gaze; drooling; oily skin; elevated eyebrows
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Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
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Short papebral fissures
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Acromegaly
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excessive secretion of growth hormone from pituitary gland after puberty; increase in facial features
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Pagets disease
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bone softens, thinkens and becomes deformed
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Senile tremors
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benign and include head nodding
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Bruit
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check for with enlarged thyroid; accelerated or turbulent flow of blood
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Trachea deviates towards healthy side
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pneumothorax, tumor, aortic aneurysm
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Trachea devaites towards unhealthy sides
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fibrosis; ataclectasis
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Hodgkin's Lymphoma
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painless rubbery nodes that gradually appear
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Virchow's node
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single enlarged nontender hard left supraclavicular node
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HIV nodes
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enlarged firm nontender and mobile; occipital common with HIV
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Cancer Nodes
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hard unilateral fixed and nontender
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Acute infection of nodes
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bilateral enlarged warm tender and firm but freely movable
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Lymphadenopathy
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enlargement of nodes more than 1cm from infection allergy or neoplasm
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Normal nodes
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movable discrete soft and nontender
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Parotid Enlargement
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has been found with AIDS
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Swollen Parotid
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mumps
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Where does edema in the face first occur?
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around the eyes and cheeks because the subcutaneous tissue is relatively loose
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Microcephaly
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small head
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macrocephaly
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big head
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Abnormal temporal area
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hard, tender and tortous
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Late clubbing
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nails greater than 180; first occurs in thumb and index finger; COPD emphysema
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Hirsutism
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excessive body hair; male pattern in female
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Kaposi's sarcoma: patch stage
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faint pink; commonly mistaken for bruises or nevi and ignored
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Kaposi's sarcoma: advanced disease
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lesions on skin mucous membranes and visceral organs
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Kaposi's sarcoma: plaque stage
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raised papules or thickened plaques; oval and red to brown in color
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Squamous cell carcinoma
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erythematous scaly patch with sharp margins, 1cm or more, develops central ulcer; less common than basal but grows rapidly
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Malignant melanoma
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occurs from pre-exsisting nevi; sun exposed skin; trunk and back
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Basal cell carcinoma
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pearly border with red ulcer or a large open pore with a yellow center; most common form of skin cancer; slow growth
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uticaria
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hives
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wheal
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surperficial, raised, transient, erythematous; irregular round shape due to edema; pruitis; mosquito bite; allergic reation
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Nodule
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solid elevated hard or soft larger than 1 cm; extends deeper into dermis; intradermal nevi
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Papule
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something you can feel, elevated nevi, wart
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Macule
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color chage; birthmark, nevi, freckles
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Zosteriform
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along nerve route
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Polycyclic
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annular lesions grow together
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Linear
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line
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Target
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resembles iris of eye
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Gyrate
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snake-like
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Grouped
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clusters of lesions
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Discrete
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remain seperate; distinct individual
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Confluent
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lesions run together
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Annular
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circular; begin in center and spread peripherally
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Acrochordons
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skin tags
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Seborric keratosis
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dark, greasy, stuck on
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What do cyanotic nail beds or sluggish color return indicate?
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cardiovascular or respiratory dysfunction
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What does arterial insufficienct do to the nails?
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thick and rigid
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What indicates a endocrine abnormality?
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abscence of genital hair
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What is poor tugor evident of?
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sever dehydration or extreme weightloss; "tenting"
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What does hyperthyroidism do to the skin?
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sooth soft like velvet
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What does hypothyroidism do to the skin?
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rough dry and flaky
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Diaphoresis
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profuse sweating; occurs with anxiety and pain
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What does hyperthyroidism do to skin temp?
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increases metabolic rate causing warm moist skin
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Seborrhea
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oily or dandruff
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Xerosis
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dry
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