Hdf 100 Ch: 9 The Play Years : Cognitive Dev.

Front 1

Piaget's term for cognitive development between the ages if about 2 and 6; it includes language and imagination (in addition to the senses and motor skills of infancy), but logical, operational thinking is not yet possible.

Back 1

preoperational phase

Front 2

A characteristic of preoperational thought in which a young child focuses (centers)

Back 2

centration

Front 3

Piaget's term for children's tendecy to think about the world entirely from their own personal perspective.

Back 3

egocentrism

Front 4

A characteristic of preoperational thought in which a young child ignores all attributes that are not apparent.

Back 4

focus on appearance

Front 5

Thinking that nothing changes: Whatever is now has always been and always will be.

Back 5

static reasoning

Front 6

The idea that nothing can be undone; the inability to recognize that something can sometimes be restored to the way it was before a change occurred.

Back 6

irreversibility

Front 7

The idea that the amount of a substance remains the same (i.e. is conserved) when its appearance changes.

Back 7

conservation

Front 8

Vygotsky's term for a person whose cognition is stimulated and directed by older and more skilled members of society.

Back 8

apprentice in thinking

Front 9

In sociocultural theory, a technique in which skilled mentors help novices learn not only by providing instruction but also by allowing direct, shared involvement in the activity. Also called apprenticeship thinking.

Back 9

guided participation

Front 10

In sociocultural theory, a metaphorical area, or "zone", surrounding a learner that includes all the skills, knowledge, and concepts that the person is close ("proximal") to acquiring but cannot yet master without help.

Back 10

zone of proximal devlopment
(ZPD)

Front 11

The internal dialogue that occurs when people talk to themselves (either silently or out loud).

Back 11

private speech

Front 12

A function of speech by which a person's cognitive skills are refined and extended through both formal instruction and causal conversation.

Back 12

social mediation

Front 13

The idea that children attempt to explain everything they see and hear by constructing theories.

Back 13

theory-theory

Front 14

A person's theory of what other people might be thinking. In order to have a theory of mine, children must realize that other people are not necessarily thinking the same thoughts that they themselves are. That realization is seldom possible before age 4.

Back 14

theory of mind

Front 15

In prenatal development, the time when a particular organ of other body part of the embryo or fetus is most susceptible to damage by teratgens. Also, a time when a certain development must happen if it is ever to happen. i.e. embryo period= critical for the development of arms and legs.

Back 15

critical period

Front 16

A time when a certain type of development is most likely to happen and happens most easily. For example, early childhood is considered a sensitive period for language learning.

Back 16

sensitive period

Front 17

The speedy and sometimes imprecise way in which children learn new words by mentally charting them into categories according to their meaning.

Back 17

fast-mapping

Front 18

The application of rules of grammar even when exceptions occur, so that the language is made to seem more "regular" than it actually is.

Back 18

over-regularization

Front 19

A person who is fluent in two languages, not favoring one or the other.

Back 19

balanced bilingual