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70 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Developmental Psychology
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the study of changes in physiology, cognition, and social behavior over life span
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Embryo
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first 2 months - internal organs begin to form
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Fetus
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after 2 months - grows into infant form
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Teratogens
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environmental agents that harm the embryo or fetus
-->drugs, alcohol, illness -->bacteria, viruses, chemicals and drugs |
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Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
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excessive consumption of alcohol during pregnancy
-->low birth weight, face/head abnormalities, slight mental retardation, behavioral and cognitive problems |
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Grasping Reflex
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babies holding finger
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Rooting Reflex
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automatic turning and sucking that infants engage in when a nipple or similar object is near their mouths
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Synaptic Pruning
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synaptic connections in the brain that are frequently used are preserved and those that are not are lost
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Critical Period
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time in which certain experiences must occur for normal brain development, such as exposure to visual info during infancy for the normal development of the visual pathways of the brain
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Sensitive Periods
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the specific points in time / development at which some skills are most easily learned
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Attachment
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a strong emotional connection that persists over time and across circumstances
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Imprinting
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when baby birds become attached to whoever they see first, not necessarily their true mothers
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Secure Attachment
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65% - child is happy and secure when parent is relatively close - distressed if they leave - quickly comforted by parent
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Avoidant Attachment
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20-25% - not distressed by parent leaving - can be comforted by a stranger
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Anxious-Ambivalent Attachment
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10-15% - clings to parent throughout - inconsolably upset if parent leaves
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Oxytocin
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hormone related to social behaviors
- infant - caregiver attachment - maternal tendencies - feelings of social acceptance and bonding - sexual gratification |
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Temperament
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a person's typical mood, activity level and emotional reactivity
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Preferential Looking Technique
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infants tend to look MORE at stimuli that interest them and second they will look LONGER at new stimuli than familiar
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Orienting Reflex
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the tendency for humans to pay more attention to novel stimuli
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Schema
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hypothetical cognitive structures that help us perceive, organize, process and use information
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Assimilation
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the process by which a new experience is placed into an existing schema
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Accommodation
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the process by which a schema is adapted or expanded to incorporate a new experience that does not easily fit into an existing schema
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Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development
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1) Sensorimotor Stage
2) Preoperational Stage 3) Concrete Operational Stage 4) Formal Operational Stage |
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Sensorimotor Stage
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the first stage of cognitive development during which infants acquire information about the world through senses and respond reflexively
- birth - 2 years |
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Object Permanence
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the understanding that an object continues to exist even when it cannot be seen
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Preoperational Stage
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children think symbolically about objects, but reason is based on appearance rather than logic
- 2-7 years |
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Law of Conservation of Quantity
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not understood in stage 2, the quantity of a substance remains unchanged even if the appearance does
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Concrete Operational Stage
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children begin to think about and understand operations in ways that are reversible
- 7-11 years |
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Formal Operational Stage
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involves the ability to think abstractly and to formulate and test hypotheses through deductive logic
- 11 years and up |
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Infantile Amnesia
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the inability to remember events from early childhood
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Source Amnesia
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occurs when a person remembers an event but cannot remember where they encountered it
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Theory of Mind
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the term used to describe the ability to explain and predict other people's behavior as a result of recognizing their mental state
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Egocentric
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preoperational stage when children are unable to see another's point of view; only their own
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False Belief Test
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in order to predict a person's actions, children are required to understand that people can sometimes act on false information
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Language
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a system of using sounds and symbols to communicate
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Morphemes
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smallest units that have meaning
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Phonemes
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basic sounds (40 in english)
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Syntax
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system of rules that govern how words are combined into phrases and sentences
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Performatives
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word-like sounds that are learned in a context and that a baby might not be using to represent a meaning
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True Words
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meant to represent concepts
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Telegraphic Speech
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the tendency for children to speak using rudimentary sentences that are missing words and grammatical markings but follow a logical syntax
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Surface Structure
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the way people combine elements to form sentences and convey meaning
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Deep Structure
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implicit meanings of sentences
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Language Acquisition Device
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Chomsky's idea that humans are born with ___ that contains universal grammar; exposure to one's native language narrows what rules are learned
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Social Development
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the maturation of skills or abilities that enable people to live in a world with other people
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Adolescence
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the transitional period between childhood and adulthood
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Sex
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refers to biological differences between males and females
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Gender
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refers to the culturally constructed differences between males and females
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Gender Identity
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personal beliefs about whether one is male or female
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Gender Roles
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characteristics associated with men and women because of cultural influence or learning
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Gender Schemas
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cognitive structures that influence how people perceive the behaviors of men and women
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Group Socialization Theory
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proposes that children learn two sets of behavior: at home versus not at home
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Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Morality
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1) Preconventional Level
2) Conventional Level 3) Postconventional Level |
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Preconventional Level
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in terms of self-interest or pleasurable outcomes
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Conventional Level
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conform to the rules of law and order or focus on other's disapproval
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Postconventional Level
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complex reasoning about abstract principles and values
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Moral Emotions
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empathy, sympathy, guilt and shame
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Erikson's Stage of Identity
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8 stages from birth to death
1) Infancy 2) Toddler 3) Preschool 4) Childhood 5) Adolescence 6) Young Adult 7) Mid Adult 8) Old Age |
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Infancy (Erikson's Stage of Identity)
Trust vs. Mistrust |
0-2 years
children learn that the world is safe and that people are loving and reliable |
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Toddler (Erikson's Stage of Identity)
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt |
2-3
children are encouraged to explore the environment and gain feelings of independence and positive self-esteem |
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Preschool (Erikson's Stage of Identity)
Initiative vs. Guilt |
4-6
children develop a sense of purpose by taking on responsibilities, but also develop the capacity to feel guilty for misdeeds |
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Childhood (Erikson's Stage of Identity)
Industry vs. Inferiority |
7-12
by working successfully with others, children learn to feel competent |
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Adolescence (Erikson's Stage of Identity)
Ego Identity vs. Role Confusion |
13-19
through exploration of different social roles, adolescents develop a sense of identity |
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Young Adulthood (Erikson's Stage of Identity)
Intimacy vs. Isolation |
20s
young adults gain the ability to commit to long-term relationships |
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Middle Adulthood (Erikson's Stage of Identity)
Generativity vs. Stagnation |
30s-50s
adults gain a sense that they are contributing to the future and caring for future generations |
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Old Age (Erikson's Stage of Identity)
Integrity vs. Despair |
60s and beyond
older adults feel a sense of satisfaction that they have lived a good live and developed wisdom |
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Dementia
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progressive deterioration of thinking, memory and behavior
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Socioemotional Selectivity Theory
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as people grow older they perceive time to be limited and therefore adjust their priorities to emphasize emotionally meaningful events and experiences
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Fluid Intelligence
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the ability to process new, general information that requires no specific knowledge
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Crystalized Intelligence
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specific knowledge that must be learned or memorized
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