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77 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How much does an average child grow each year?
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2-3 inches/year ; Average 11-year-old girl taller than boy. Trend reverses during puberty
5-7 lbs/year |
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What changes occur in the prefrontal cortex, how does this contribute to cognitive functioning?
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The volume of the brain stabilizes and the prefrontal cortex develops as a child ages. These changes affect planning, attention, self regulation, and problem solving capabilities of the child
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What is a learning disability?
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A learning disability is characterized by a difficulty in learning which involves understanding/using spoken/written language.
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What are the 3 most common types of learning disabilities?
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1) Dyslexia: severe impairment in the ability to read/spell
2) Dysgraphia: Difficulty in handwritting 3) Dyscalculia: Developmental arithmetic disorder |
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What are the symptoms of autism spectrum disorders?
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The most significant is peer dificulties
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what are common characteristics of autism spectrum disorders?
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These include stereotypical interests, moderate-severe language problems, and restricted interests/relationships
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What are possible causes of autism spectrum disorders?
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Genetic predispositions, maternal illness, and father who are 40+
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What is an IEP?
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An individual education plan and is waht a child need to succeed in the classroom
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What is inclusion?
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Inclusion indicates that a child needs full-time attention
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What is long term memory?
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Part of the memory which is relatively permanent
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How do knowledge and expertise contribute to children's memory?
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As child gains it, their memory becomes more creative. They can assess situations in multiple ways.
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What is fuzzy trace theory?
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1) verbatim memory: exact/precise details (able to repeat story exactly)
2) gist memory: keeps general details but not specific |
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What is creative thinking?
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Unique solutions to problems
1) Convergent: only one answer 2) Divergent: many answers to same question 3) metacognition: cognition about cognition |
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What is Sternberg's theory of intelligence?
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Triarchic theory
1) analytical 2) creative 3) practical |
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What is Gardner's theory of intelligence?
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8 frames of mind which evaluate multiple-intelligence approaches
1) verbal 2) mathematical 3) spatial 4) body 5) musical 6) interpersonal 7) intrapersonal 8) naturalism |
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What factors contribute to ethnic differences in IQ scores?
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Communication styles and "standards"
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How does self change during middle/late childhood?
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Being to compare self to others and relate to things like religion. Children describe self in psychological characteristics/traits
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What is self esteem?
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Global evaluations of self or the overall perspective of self
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What is self-concept?
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Self-concept includes evaluations of academics, athleticism, and appearance.
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What are the consequences of low vs high self-esteem?
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Low = emotional damage and antisocialism
High = good/bad and can yield greater initiative (+/-) |
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What is self efficacy?
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The belief that one can master a situation and produce favorable outcomes
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What is master oriented self efficacy?
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The belief that hard work/effort improves performance and can modify outcomes
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What is learned-helplessness self efficacy?
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The belief that no difference can be made with any amount of effort.
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What are some developmental changes in emotional understanding?
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1) more than one emotion being experienced
2) awareness of events leading to emotional reactions 3) ability to suppress/conceal negative emotions 4) able to understand others feelings/emotions TRUE empathy) |
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What are consequences for children who experience trauma and disasters?
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Suffer from acute stress reactions, depression, panic disorder, and PTSD
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How can we help children cope with trauma/disasters?
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Encourage talking, be patient, avoid situations that make them relive (media)
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What are the three broad levels of moral thinking?
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1) Preconventional: good/bad based on reward/punishment
2) Conventional: based on standards set by others ; can't break rules; don't consider right/wrong of rules 3) Postconventional: sometimes agree to do something immoral/illegal for right reasons |
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Does moral thinking always lead to moral behavior?
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NO!
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What are the five peer statuses?
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1) Popular: best-friend material and rarely disliked
Prosocial: well in school, get along with others, likeable Antisocial: troublemakers, smart off to teachers, other things likeable (looks,sports) 2) Average: both positive and negative comments 3) Neglected: Infrequent friend material but not disliked; have one really good friend (Well Adjusted) 4) Rejected: infrequent friend material and actively disliked: victims/bullies 5) Controversial: frequently friend material and disliked: class clown |
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How does a maladaptive social cognition child respon to being hit/knocked over during a soccer game?
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A maladaptive social cognition child would react violently against the other child who hit or pushed him/her (retaliate). Others would realize that it was an accident during an innocent game
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How do you encourage positive relationships among students from diverse backgrounds
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Encourage positive personal contact with diverse students, reduce bias, competent cultural mediator, jigsaw classroom, school/community is a team
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What are some physical changes associated with puberty?
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Rapid physical maturation, sexual maturation, and height/weight changes
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What age does the average adolescent reach puberty?
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Girls: 9-15 years
Boys: 10 - 13.5 years |
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Who is more satisfied with body image?
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Boys are more satisfied with body image, but bisexuals becoming self-conscious
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What are some characteristics of early maturation?
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Boys: view more positively than girls and have more successful peer realtionships
Girls: greater satisfaction early, less satisfaction later. More likely to smoke, drink, depression, eating disorder, struggle with independence, and have older friends |
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Who develops the most favorably?
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Early boys and average-late girls
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How do changes in the brain contribute to adolescent reasoning and behavior?
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Thinking becomes more efficient, BUT amygdala starts developing quicker than the prefrontal cortex which leads adolescents to be guided by emotions rather than logic.
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How does adolescent sexuality develop?
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Learn how to manage sexual feelings, develop new intimacy, and how to regulate sexual beahvior.
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What are sexual behavior risk factors?
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drug use, delinquency, and school-related problems
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Relative to industrialized countries, how does the US compare to others in teen pregnancy rates
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The US has one of the highest. Mothers with a strong support system tend to do better
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What are some risks with teen pregnancy?
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Low birth weight, neurological problems, childhood illness
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What are the leading causes of death in adolescence?
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1) Unintended accidents (car crashes)
2) Homicide 3) Suicide |
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What is the difference between substance users and abusers
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Users are often just trying out something new for the sake of curiosity
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What is anorexia?
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The relentless pursuit of thinness through starvation and characterized by weight less than 85% of what is considered normal and their fear of gaining weight does not decrease with weight.
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What is bulimia?
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The fear of being overweight and often preoccupied with food. Likely have disengaged parents, problems in school , and involved in delinquent acts
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Why is bulimia easier to treat than anorexia?
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Bulimia sufferers realize that they have a problem, while anorexia sufferers do not.
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What is imaginary audience?
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Adolescent belief that others are interested in them as they are interested in themselves, sometimes results in attention getting behavior
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What is personal fable?
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The idea that you are unique and invulnerable
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What changes in information processing in adolescence?
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Executive functioning: higher-order cognitive activities such as reason, thinking moderation, and decisions
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What are the four different types of identity?
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1) Achievement: most favorable (crisis and commitment)
Know values, options, and who they are 2) Moratarium: okay until ~30 caught in the middle, exploring options but not sure 3) Forclosure: committed but no crisis Going to college because other family also went to college 4) Diffusion: least favorable (no commitment/crisis) Answers all questions with IDK, uninterested |
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What is ethnicity?
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Enduring aspects of self
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What are some important aspects of ethnicity?
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1) membership in ethnic group
2) attitudes/feelings to membership 3) many adolescents develop bicultural identity |
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What is true about autonomy?
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1) Boys given more independence
2) Parents struggle with amount of freedom 3) most parent/child conflicts are not severe |
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What would an adolescent say are the most important characteristics of friendship?
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Intimacy and disclosure in smaller groups
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Who is at the greatest risk for peer pressure?
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Young adolescents who do not have strong parent-child relationships
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What is the difference between cliques and crowds
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Crowds are larger than 5-6 membered cliques and less personal
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What are the three stages of dating?
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1) Entry 11-13 yeras
2) Exploring 14-16 years 3) Romantic Bonds 17-19 years |
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What is the average media use of an adolescent?
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60 hours/week
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What are some possible consequences of media multi-tasking?
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Worse attention-span, loss of focus, and lower math scores
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What are the risk of constant social media use for girls?
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Lower self esteem, depression, and anxiety
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What are the benefits of girls face-to-face
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Happier, more accepted, higher self-esteem, and more favorable self-image
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What are the two types of juvenile delinquency?
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1) Early onset: likely to occur throughout lifetime
2) Late onset: peer pressured and less likely to occur throughout lifetime |
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What are some problems with adolescents?
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Depression/suicide influenced by genes, family, and peer relationships. Girls who focus on negative are more depressed
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What are the statistics of suicide
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Third leading cause of death, with girls attempting more than boys but boys are more successful than girls
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What are some causes of overweight children?
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Heredity and environment
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What are the consequences of being overweight?
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Diabetes, hypertension, and elevated blood cholesterol levels
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What are the most effective interventions for overweight children?
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Family-based
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What are the different categories of ADHD?
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1) Hyperactive/impulsive: involves learning problems, disruptive behavior, and trouble with peers.
2) Inattention: involves disorganization, trouble focusing, and withdrawn attitudes. |
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Which form of ADHD is more responsive to medication?
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The hyperactive/impulsive form
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What are some possible causes of ADHD?
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Genetics, brain damage, prenatal exposure to tobacco, cigarette/alcohol exposure, and low birth weight. Genetics show strong implication with boys being 3-9 more often diagnosed
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What type of thinking is emphasized on intelligence tests?
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The ability to solve problems and to adapt and learn from experience
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What type of thinking is emphasized on creativity tests?
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The ability to think in novel and unusual ways
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What is an intelligence quotient?
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It is what measures the level of mental development relative to others
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What is the average IQ score?
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85-115
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How many people have an IQ lower than 70 or higher than 130?
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1 in 50!
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Who is most likely to engage in relational aggression?
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Girls, DUH!
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What is a jigsaw classroom?
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Each student is assigned a task to become an expert on. Everyone must present their topic in order for everyone to learn the content they must know for the test
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