H Bio, Ch #8

Front 1

Cell Cycle

Back 1

The process of eukaryotic cell division

Hint 1

2. Although all cells have the ability to preform the cell cycle, some do not.

Front 2

Mitosis

Back 2

The stage of the cell cycle where a cell's nuclear material is distributed.

Hint 2

1. The process where the metaphase plate and spindle poles form

2. Cells do not actually physically divide when they perform Mitosis

Front 3

G1/G0

Back 3

The first stage of the cell cycle where cells synthesize macromolecules, and may choose to remain instead of advancing

Hint 3

1. The stage before the restriction point

2. Brain cells almost always remain in the G1/G0 phase

Front 4

S

Back 4

The second stage of the cell cycle where the DNA of chromosomes copy identically

Hint 4

2. The S stage involves more than 20 enzymes

Front 5

G2

Back 5

The stage of the cell cycle where RNA and proteins are made that help with Mitosis

Hint 5

1. The stage that only synthesizes proteins and nucleotides

2. Unlike the G1 stage the G2 stage does not have a Restriction Point

Front 6

Restriction Point

Back 6

The point in the cell cycle where the cell is unable to revert to the G1/G0 phase

Hint 6

1. The point in the late stages of G1

2. The restriction point is sometimes called "the point of no return"

Front 7

M

Back 7

The last phase of the cell cycle where the cell both divides its genetic material and divides physically

Hint 7

2. The M phase encompasses both mitosis and cytokinesis

Front 8

Cytokinesis

Back 8

The physical division of the cell during the M phase

Hint 8

2. Cytokinesis can happen in places of the M phase

Front 9

Daughter Cell

Back 9

The cell created as a result of the M phase in the cell cycle

Hint 9

2. Each daughter cell has the exact same DNA as its parent cell

Front 10

Nucleotide base pairing

Back 10

The specific affinities of the nucleotide bases T & A and G & C when it comes to hydrogen bonding

Hint 10

2. The nucleotide base pairings of T and A result because of their two hydrogen bonds

Front 11

Hydrogen Bond

Back 11

A weak attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen atom and a slightly negative atom in a different (or the same) molecule

Hint 11

1. A slightly positive hydrogen and a slightly weak nitrogen in a amino acid

2. The two molecules were held together by a hydrogen bond with nitrogen.

Front 12

Antiparallel

Back 12

Similar strands of DNA that run in opposite directions

Hint 12

1. A Divided Highway

2. It is because of the antiparallel sugar phosphate backbones that DNA polymerase can only prime one strand

Front 13

DNA Polymerase

Back 13

The enzyme that makes new DNA strands adding nucleotides to RNA

Hint 13

1. The enzyme that checks its nucleotide pairings immediately after it pairs them

2. DNA Polymerase unwinds as it works

Front 14

Semiconservative Replication

Back 14

DNA replication where each strand is half made of previous nucleotides and half made of recently synthesized nucleotides

Hint 14

2. Semiconservative Replication means we have genetic material from the first humans in us

Front 15

Histone

Back 15

Basic nucleosome proteins that bind to DNA and counter its charge

Hint 15

2. Histones are why we can choose when to activate genes

Front 16

Chromosome

Back 16

Tightly coiled strand of DNA

Hint 16

2. Eukaryotes have multiple chromosomes

Front 17

Chromatin

Back 17

The DNA form when it is bound to nucleosomes

Hint 17

2. Eukaryotic DNA is mostly in chromatin form

Front 18

Mutation

Back 18

Error in the sequence of a cell's DNA, that can be silent, helpful, or harmful

Hint 18

1. If an A base is paired with a C base

2. Although mutations can kill us they are responsible for evolution

Front 19

Mutagen

Back 19

Environmental factors that can cause DNA mutations

Hint 19

1. Ultraviolet Light

2. Cells use excision repair to fix damage from mutagens

Front 20

Excision Repair

Back 20

Biological process in which DNA damage from mutagens is fixed

Hint 20

2. Excision repairs severely limits the number of mutations in human cells

Front 21

Sister Chromatids

Back 21

Identical copies of chromosomes synthesized in the cell cycle

Hint 21

2. Sister Chromatids contain identical genetic material

Front 22

Centromere

Back 22

Small point that connecting sister chromatids

Hint 22

2. The centromere is removed in the anaphase stage

Front 23

Aneuploid

Back 23

Cells with too many or too few chromosomes as a result of a dividing mistake

Hint 23

1. A cell with an extra copy of a chromosome

2. If an aneuploid cell is missing too much genetic material it may not be able to function

Front 24

Prophase

Back 24

The first step of mitosis where a microtubule bond is formed between centrioles and the chromatids

Hint 24

1. The stage where the spindle poles form

2. Microtubules act like a lasso around kinetochores during prophase

Front 25

Metaphase

Back 25

The second step of mitosis where genetic material is divided

Hint 25

1. The stage where kinetochore proteins begin to pull the chromatids

2. The trademark of metaphase is the metaphase plate

Front 26

Anaphase

Back 26

The third step of mitosis where the sister chromatids seperate

Hint 26

1. The stage where chromatids can be referred to as chromosomes

2. In eukaryotic cells cytokinesis occurs during anaphase

Front 27

Telophase

Back 27

The final step of mitosis where the two chromosome bundles become two seperate cells

Hint 27

1. The stage where the nuclear envelope reforms

2. Plants have an extra step during the telophase

Front 28

(Mitiotic) Spindle (Fibers)

Back 28

The formation of microtubules during the prophase

Hint 28

2. Sometimes the spindle fibers form around centrioles

Front 29

Spindle Poles

Back 29

Sites on opposite cell ends of centriole protein and microtubule

Hint 29

2. Cells may have other structures to help with spindle poles if they don't have centrioles

Front 30

Kinetochore

Back 30

Protein complex within centromere where microtubules attach

Hint 30

2. The kinetochore brutally separates the chromatid family

Front 31

Cyclins

Back 31

Proteins that activate kinases and can control entering the stages of cell cycle

Hint 31

1. Mitiotic Cyclins

2. There are two major types of cyclins

Front 32

Kinases

Back 32

Proteins that carry phosphate groups to ATP and activate enzymes

Hint 32

2. Kinases are used in exercise and cell division

Front 33

Cell-Cycle Arrest

Back 33

When cells are restricted from moving on in the cell cycle due to damage or mistakes

Hint 33

2. Cell-Cycle Arrest deactivates kinases

Front 34

Cancer

Back 34

A disease from damaged supressors and protooncogenes that results in uncontrolled cell division

Hint 34

1. Brain Cancer

2. The uncontrolled cell division in cancer creates tumors

Front 35

Interphase

Back 35

The stages of the cell cycle between mitosis

Hint 35

1. The G1 stage

2. Chromosomes are not visible during interphase