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47 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is a personality? |
An individual's distinctive and enduring style of behaving, thinking, and feeling across situations
Includes traits, temperament, and values |
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What is McCrae and Costa's five-factor model? |
Five primary dimensions that summarizes individuals differences in personality
Openness (open or closed)
Extraversion (extroverted or introverted)
Agreeableness (agreeable or disagreeable
Neuroticism (neurotic or stable)
Conscientiousness (organized or careless) |
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Which factor predicts an individual's overall likelihood of joining a group? |
Extraversion |
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What are 3 empirical support for extroversion and joining groups? |
Being outgoing and sociable, they prefer the company of others
Extroverts are likely to seek out groups for stimulation
Tend to be happier, more desirable member |
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What is relationality? |
The degree to which one's value, attitude, and outlooks
Emphasize and facilitate
The establishing and maintaining, of the connections to others |
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What is the gender difference in joining a group? |
Women: Smaller Informal Intimate
Men: Large More formal Task-focused group |
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What is social motivation? |
Psychological process
That energizes and directs Behavior
May stem from a need |
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What are three basic interpersonal needs? |
Affiliation Intimacy Power |
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What is a need for affiliation (inclusion)? |
The need to establish and maintain a satisfying relationship with others
Concerned about winning and approval of others |
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What is the need for intimacy (affection)? |
Reflects the degree of openness, warmth, and personal connection one seeks with others Focused on friendship, camaraderie, and mutual help |
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What is the need for power (control)? |
Reflects the degree that one desires to influence or direct the behavior of others To be perceived as confident, decisive, and in charge People with greater needs for power also have higher levels of testosterone |
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What is Schutz Fundamental Interpersonal Relations Orientation? |
The theory of group formation and development
Emphasizes compatibility amongst 3 basic interpersonal needs
Affiliation, Power, and Intimacy
Which can be an Expressed or Wanted needs |
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What are expressed needs? |
The degree that a person initiates the behaviors associated with the need
Inclusion: degree you try to include others in activities
Control: degree you try to control, influence, and direct others
Intamacy: degree you try to be close and supportive to others |
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What is a wanted need? |
The degree that the person wants another to behave that way towards them
Inclusion: include you in activities
Control: others to take control
Intimacy: warmth from others |
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How does John Bowlby define attachment? |
An instinctive, emotional bond That forms between newborns and their primary caregivers |
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What is Mary Ainworth's Strange Situation? |
A behavioral test used to determine a child's attachment style (degree of security) |
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What is an attachment style? |
A person's characteristic approach to relationships with other people The basic styles include secure, preoccupied, fearful, and diminishing Define by dimensions of anxiety and avoidance |
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What is group attachment Style? |
The 4 basic styles (secure, preoccupied, fearful, and dismissing) Defined by two dimensions: Level of anxiety Degree of avoidance |
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What is preoccupied? |
Seeks out membership, but worries excessively about rejection
High anxiety low avoidance |
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What is fearful? |
So insecure about themselves that they fear rejection High anxiety High avoidance |
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What is secure? |
Self-confidence and willing to rely on others Low anxiety low avoidance |
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What is dismissing? |
Uninterested in joining groups Low anxiety high avoidance |
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When are people often promoted to affiliate? |
People affiliate when they find themselves in ambiguous situations in order to see cognitive clarity |
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What is social comparison Theory? |
People evaluate their own attitude and abilities
By comparing themselves to others
To reduce uncertainty about the self
Ambiguous situation > Psychological reaction (negative feelings) > Affiliation and social comparison > Cognitive clarity |
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What is misery loves misery company? |
Study that showed people want to be with others who share their experience Affiliation allows: Discuss alternative options Cognative Clarity Reduce anxiety Evaluate their anxiety |
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What are five forms of social support provided by groups? |
Inclusive support: confirm inclusion within group Emotional support: Express care and concern Informational support: provide advice and guidance Instrumental support: providing tangible resources Spiritual support: address issues of meaning and purpose |
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What are 5 health benefits of affiliation? |
Psychological adjustment
Improve efficacy
Better coping with upsetting events
Resistance to and recovery from a disease
Reduced mortality |
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What is stress buffering hypothesis? |
The presence of a social support system Helps buffer an individual from the negative impact of stressful events |
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What is the Rosetta mystery? |
Italian immigrants showed less rate of heart disease despite eating poorly Because of health benefits of affiliation |
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What is downward social comparison? |
Comparing yourself to someone that is worse off To enhance and maintain our self-esteem |
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What is upward social comparison? |
Comparing yourself to someone who's better off
Provokes envy and makes us feel like failure |
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What is tesser's Self Evaluation Maintenance Model? |
People associate with High achieving people who excel in areas that are not relevant to person's own sense of self esteem
Avoid associating with High achieve individuals who excel in areas that are important to the individual sense of self esteem |
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What is the proximity principle? |
The tendency for people to form interpersonal relationships with those who are close by |
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What is functional distance? |
Any aspect of architectural design That influence how often people come into contact with each other |
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What is the mere exposure effect? |
The more exposure we have to a stimulus
The more likely we are to like it |
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What is the elaboration principle (percolation)? |
The tendency for groups to expand in size As non-members become linked to group members Then becoming part of the group itself |
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What is the similarity principle? |
The tendency for people to affiliate and be attracted to people who are similar to them in some way |
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What is the attitude similarity effect? |
People find others more likeable
The more similar they are in Attitude, belief, and preference |
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What is a homophilly? |
The tendency for groups to be composed of individuals who are similar In values, attitudes, and demographics |
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What are four reasons similarities enable group formation? |
It reinforces our values Less conflict Disliking similar people may be psychologically distressing Dissimilarities creates dislike |
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What is complementary principle? |
The tendency for group members to like people who are dissimilar In a way that compliments their personal qualities |
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What is reciprocal liking? |
Liking someone who likes us in return And even overrides dissimilarities |
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What is the minmax principle? |
The tendency to prefer relationships The provide the maximum number of valuable Rewards The fewest number of possible cost |
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In social exchange theory, what factors determine satisfaction in a membership? |
Cost and reward of membership The kind of membership they deserve (comparison level) The appeal of other groups (comparison level for alternatives) |
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What is comparison levels? |
People's expectations about the level of reward and Punishment they deserve in a relationship
Compare current relationships to pass relationships |
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What is comparison level of alternatives? |
People's expectation about the level of reward and cost they would receive an alternative relationships
Determines whether they enter or exit groups |
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What are 3 factors that affects a person's commitment to a relationship? |
Satisfaction Investment Comparison level of alternatives |