Gross Test 1 Vertebral Column And Spinal Cord

Front 1

the vertebral column is composed of ____ vertebra divided into 5 groups based upon thier location

Back 1

33 vertebrae

7 cervical vertebrae

12 thoracic vertebrae

5 lumbar vert

5 sacral vert

4 coccygeal vert

Front 2

weight bearing part of vertebrae

Back 2

body of vertebrae

Front 3

protective part of the verterbrae

Back 3

the verterbal arch composed of :

-2 pedicles - the part of the arch which conncets the transverse process and the lamina to th vertebral body

- 2 lamina - dorsal part of the arch conncected to pedicles

Front 4

7 processes of the vertebrae

Back 4

4 articular processes- bony part of synovial joint , contains 2 superior and 2 inferior facets for articulations with other vertebrae

2 trasnvers processes- lateral processes originating from the junction between the pedicles and lamina

1 spinous process - a vertebral part that projects dorsally from the arch where the 2 lamina join , gives attachment for muscles and ligaments

Front 5

verterbal foramen of vertebra

Back 5

the opening in one vertebrae bounded by the body , the pedicles, and the laminae

Front 6

vertebral canal

Back 6

the spinal canal formed by the successive vertebral formaina . this canal forms a continuous channel which contains the spinal cord, nerve roots, spinal nerves, meninges, and vessels

Front 7

notches in vertebrae

Back 7

superior vertebral notch - small notch above pedicle

inferior vertebral notch - small notch below the pedicle

these two together form the intervertebral foramen

Front 8

intervertebral foramen

Back 8

an openeing formed by superior and inferior vertebral notches of adjacent vertebrae, the dorsal root ganglia of spinal nerves lie in the intervetebral foramina , and it is in this area that dorsal and ventral root join

Front 9

the 7 cervical vertebrae have what that is diff than the rest

Back 9

transverse foramina - foramina in the cervicle trnsvere processes of the first 6 cervicle vert. often present in c7 . the foramina contain the vertebral arteries and veins

most cervicle vert have bifid spines (except 1 and 7)

Front 10

C1 vert

Back 10

atlas

first cervicle vert

lacks a body and a spinous proces

contains an anterior arch and an anterior tubercle, a post arch and opst tubercle and a lateral mass

Front 11

c2 vert

Back 11

the axis

second cervicle vert

has a dens (odontoid proces) on ant part , projects into the vertebral foramen of the atlas

atlantoaxial joint - joint between the atlas and the axis dens

Front 12

transverse ligament ( of the cruciform ligament )

Back 12

of the atlas, retains the dens within the vertebral foramen of the atlas

Front 13

C7

Back 13

the vertebra prominens - contain a long spinous process and often has transverse foramina

one that you can see sticking out of back

Front 14

the 12 thoracic vert how are they diff than the rest

Back 14

contain 6 costal facets ( 2 sup, 2 inf, and 2 transverse ) location for atriculation with the ribs, located on the body and on the transverse process

long slender spinous process- no costal facets, but they do have atricular processes.

Front 15

the 5 lumbar vert how are they diff than the rest

Back 15

are like the main parts and is more oval in shape

Front 16

the 5 sacral vert

Back 16

these fuse in adults

have sacral promontory - ant and post part of the body of s1

sacral hiatus - aperature present where s5 lamina and spinous process are absent, leads into the sacral canal and is the inf opening of the vertebral canal

articulations:

- lumbosacral

- sacroiliac

Front 17

the 4 coccygeal vert or the coccyx

Back 17

known as the tailbone

usually 4 vert

Front 18

spondylosis

Back 18

a defect allowing part of a vertebral arch to be seperate from its body

Front 19

spina bifida

Back 19

a defect of the vertebral arch resulting form the failure of fushion of the halves of the arch, usually occurs in L5 and or S1

Front 20

curves associated with the vert column

Back 20

spring configure

anteriorly concave- the thoracic , sacral, and coccygeal curves are concave . known as primary curves

anteriorly convex -the cefvicle and lumba curves are convex, known as secondary curves . the cevicle curve allows infint to hold head up

the lumbar curve assists infant in upright postur and walking.

Front 21

kyphosis

Back 21

exxaggerated throacic curvature ( over concaved ) in thoracic vert. (humpbacked)

Front 22

lordosis

Back 22

exxagerated lumbar curv ( over convexed)

usually due to the ant rotation of the pelvis

swayback

Front 23

scoliosis

Back 23

abnormal lateral curv of the vert , described as crooked back

Front 24

supraspinous ligament

Back 24

a thin , continuous ligament that attaches to the tip of each spinous process from the sacrum to C7. from C7 to the skull, the ligamentum nuchae is the name of the somewhat more prominent ligament that connects the tips of the spinous processes of cervical vertebrae

Front 25

interspinous ligament

Back 25

unit adjacent spinous processes in an oblique direction

Front 26

ligamentum flavum

Back 26

connects laminae of adjacent vertebrae

Front 27

anterior longitudinal liagament

Back 27

bind anterior surfaces of bodies and discs

Front 28

posterior longitudianal ligament

Back 28

bind posterior surfaces of bodies and discs located in the vertebral canal

Front 29

definition of joint

Back 29

a junction or union betwen bones

Front 30

cartilaginous ( ampiarthrosis) joints of the vertebral column

Back 30

associated with the vertebral column are known as intervertebral joints

they are of the subtype symphysis

lcated between adjacent vertebrl bodies

united to fibrocartilage (intervertebral disc)

slightly movable

Front 31

an intervertebral disc

Back 31

fibrocartilage

is located between most vertebral bodies

contains 2 parts :

anulus fibrosis - the outer fibrous part composed of fibrocartilage arranged in concentric lamellae, attached to rims of vertebral bodies

nucleus pulposus - a gelatinous central mass that composes the core of the disc because of dehydration and degeneration in the nucleus pulposus associated with aging , there is a slight loss in height as we obtain old age . it is a remnant of the notochord

Front 32

synovial (diarthrosis) joints of the vertebral column

Back 32

costotransverse - articulation between the rib tubercle and the transverse process of corresponding vertebrae

costovertebral - the articulation between the head of the rib and the costal facets of the vertebral bodies

zygapophyseal joints ( facet joints ) - articulation between the articular processes of the vertebral arches. located between the sup and inf articular processes of adjacent vert

these joints allow gliding movement betwen the vert

Front 33

spinal cord origin

Back 33

continuous with the medulla oblongata, superiorly, it begins at the foramen magnum

Front 34

spinal cord termination

Back 34

its tapered , inf (terminal_ end is known as the medullary cone ( conus medullaris) and it is located inf to the exit of the coccygeal nerve rootlets from the spinal cord. it occurs at the intervertebral disc between L1 and L2 however it can vary in its ending from T12 and L3

Front 35

during fetal gorwth , the spinal cord and vertebrae do not grow at the same rate , the vertebral column grows ______ , leaving the spinal cord ______ than the vertebral column . because of the discrepency the length of the nerve roots ______ inferiroly, thus the lumbar sacral and coccygeal nerve roots are ____ than the cervicle and thoracic nerve root. this is why here is a diff in vert levelsand spinal cord leveels

Back 35

faster

shorter

increase

longer

Front 36

enlargments of the spinal cord

Back 36

cervicle enlargment - from c4 to T1 segemtns of the spinal cord, nerve fibers originating from this enlargment supply the upper extremities

lumbar enlargment - from L1- S4 segments of the spinal cord , nerve fibers originate from this enlargment supply the lower extremities

Front 37

cuada equina

Back 37

a collection of dorsal and ventral roots of the lumbar , sacral and coccygeal spinal nerves that travel through the subarachnoid space . they wil eventually exit their respective intervertebral foramina

location : below thelevel of the conud medullaris and within the subarachnoid space in cerebral spinal fluid

Front 38

dorasal median sulcus and septum

Back 38

the post part of the spinal cord , the line down the middle that seperate it into two halves

Front 39

dorsolateral sulci

Back 39

where dorsal nerve rootlets are connected to the spinal cord

Front 40

ventral median fissure

Back 40

ant spinal artery is distributed inferiorly in this fissure

Front 41

ventrolateral sulci

Back 41

where ventral nerve rootlets are connected to the spinal cord

Front 42

anterior spinal artery

Back 42

generally just 1 artery

origin- formed fomr branches of the vertebral arteries

distribution- distributed inferiroly in the ventral median fissure

Front 43

posterior spinal artery

Back 43

generally 2

origin-formed from branches of the vertbral arteries

distribution - lies dorsal to the dorsl roots of the spinal nerves

Front 44

radicualr arteries

Back 44

these are arterial branches which enter along anterior and posterior nerve roots, and supply these roots , the ant and post spinal arteries , and spinal cord with blood . these arteries originate from spinal branches pf artery associated with specific areas of spinal cord

Front 45

venous supply of spinal cord

Back 45

venous distribution is similar to the arterial disribution

usual pattern: 3 ant spinal vein 3 post spinal veins

spinal veins drain into radicular veins

Front 46

meninges

Back 46

3 membranes which surround the CNS and the proximal portion

meninx= singular

dura mater

arachnoid

pia mater

Front 47

dura mater

Back 47

outermost meninge

seperated from the bone surroungin the vertebral formaina by the epidural space - end in the vicinity of the foramen magnum

has the dural sac- which is a sheath of dura within the vertebral canal . spinal nerves pierce the dural sac . the dural sac ends at S2. it is then anchored by te filum of the dura mater to the coccyx.

Front 48

____ is present in the intervertebral foramina and along the nerve roots distal to the dorsal root ganglia . it ends by blending distally to the spinal nerves epinerium ( the CT that covers a peripheral nerve 0

Back 48

spinal dura

Front 49

arachnoid mater

Back 49

internally , it lines the dural sac and the sleeves of the dural roots

it is spereated from the dura mater by the subdural space

it is seperated from the innermost meninge (pia mater) by the subarachnoid space ( this space is filled with cerebralspinal fluid)

inferiroly , the arachnoid layer ends at vertebral level S2 ( at the end of the dural sac)

the subarachnoid space from L2-S2 is known as the lumbar cistern. it contains the cauda equina, CSF , and it is the usual location for a lumbar puncture

Front 50

pia mater

Back 50

it is the innermost meninge and ends when the spinal cord ends between L1 and L2

it extends laterally over the spinal nerve rootlets and roots

on the spinal cord , the pia mater covers the spinal blood vessels

denticulate ligaments- lateral exensions of pia mater between the spinal nerve roots , these extensions are between the spinal cord and the dural sac, and help to suspend and stabalize the spinal cord

filum terminale

Front 51

filum terminale

Back 51

an extension of pia mater from the spinal cords conus medullaris to the coccyx

Front 52

filum terminale of the _____ belnds with ______ to form the _______

Back 52

pia mater

filum of the dura mater

coccygeal ligament