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43 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
# of cervical vertebrae
7
# of thoracic vertebrae
12
# of lumbar vertebrae
5
# of sacral vertebrae
5 (fused)
# of coccygeal vertebrae
4 (fused)
# of pairs of cervical spinal nerves
8
# of pairs of sacral spinal nerves
5
# of pairs of coccygeal spinal nerves
1
Dorsal ramus innervates...
true back muscles, synovial joints of vertebral column, overlying skin
Ventral ramus innervates...
upper & lower extremities and anterior/lateral body wall
Primary curvatures of the spine
thoracic, sacral/coccygeal
- develop in same direction as fetal vertebral column
- arise due to differences in height of anterior vs. posterior portion of vertebrae
Secondary curvatures of spine
- become obvious during infancy
- cervical arises when infants begin to hold head erect
- lumbar arises when infants begin to walk
- opposite direction of fetal vertebral column
- difference in height of anterior vs. posterior portion of intervertebral discs
Purpose of articular processes
restrict movement, stabilize the column, prevent slippage of adjacent vertebrae
Purpose of intervetebral foramen
allow passage and protection for the spinal nerve and accompanying vessel
Most important joints of the vertebral column are:
- joints of the vertebral bodies (IV discs)
- joints of the vertebral arches (zygapophysial joints or facet joints)
Intervertebral discs
- cartilaginous joints designed for weight bearing and strength
- interposed between bodies of adjacent vertebrae
- provide strong attachment between vertebral bodies
Anulus fibrosus
-outer portion of IV disc composed of concentric layers of fibrocartilage that adheres to the vertebral bodies
Nucleus pulposus
a gelatinous central mass that acts like a miniature shock absorber
Zygapophysial (facet) joints
- plane-type synovial joints between superior and inferior articular processes of adjacent vertebrae
- permit gliding between adjacent vertebrae
- commonly become arthritic -> back pain
Range of motion of spine limited by...
1. tension of joint capsule around zygapophysial joint
2. compressibility, elasticity, thickness of IV discs
3. resistance of surrounding muscles and ligaments
4. shape and orientation of zygapophysial joints
Flexion and extension of spinal column occur in what regions?
cervical & lumbar
Lateral bending of spinal column occurs in what regions?
cervical & lumbar
Rotation or torsion of spinal column occurs in what regions?
cervical & thoracic
Anterior longitudinal ligament
unites anterior surfaces of the vertebral bodies
- helps to prevent hyperextension
Posterior longitudinal ligament
unites posterior surfaces of vertebral bodies
- located inside vertebral canal
Supraspinous ligament
connects spinous processes from sacrum to C7
- expands into ligamentum nuchae in cervical region
Ligamentum nuchae
broad strong ligament of neck that provides attachment for cervical muscles
Interspinous ligament
adjoin adjacent spinous processes
Ligamentum flavum
yellow, elastic fibers adjoin adjacent lamina of vertebrae
- help prevent hyperflexion of vertebral column
Spinal cord extends....
from base of skull to about L2 vertebral level in an adult
Dural sac
surrounds spinal cord and extends to S2 vertebral level
2 spinal cord enlargements
1. Cervical enlargement - innervates upper limbs
2. Lumbosacral enlargement - innervates lower limbs
Recurrent meningeal nerves
- small nerves that arise directly from spinal nerves
- innervate dura mater
Denticulate ligaments
lateral extension of pia mater between dorsal and ventral roots which help to anchor cord laterally
Internal venous plexus
drains blood from veins on surface of spinal cord and vertebral bodies via large basivertebral vein
CSF is in what space around spinal cord?
Subarachnoid space
2 main arterial groups of the spinal cord:
1. Vertebral artery
2. Intercostal arteries
Longitudinal vessels of spinal cord consist of:
- anterior spinal artery (arises from vertebral artery) and passes inferiorly along surface of cord
- 2 posterior spinal arteries that descend along posterolateral surface of cord
Posterior intercostal arteries give rise to....
small spinal arteries that enter each intervertebral foramen
After entering IV foramen, spinal arteries give off...
radicular arteries that follow and perfuse dorsal/ventral roots
Segmental medullary arteries
large spinal arteries that merge with and reinforce longitudinal spinal arteries
Great anterior segmental artery ("artery of Adamkiewicz")
largest segmental medullary artery
- generally arises from lower intercostal and reinforces circulation to inferior 2/3 of cord
95% of lumbar disc herniations occur at what level?
L4/L5 or L5/S1