Gross Anatomy- Vertibral Column And Spinal Cord

Front 1

how many vertebrae are there?

Back 1

33

Front 2

what are the different groups of vertebral column and their corresponding number of vertebrae?

Back 2

From top to bottom: (cranial to caudal)

7 cervical vertebrae
12 thoracic vertebrae
5 lumbar vertebrae
5 sacral vertebrae (fused together)
4 coccygeal vertebrae (fused)

Front 3

zygapophysial joints

Back 3

The synovial joints between superior and inferior articular processes on adjacent vertebrae are the zygapophysial joints

Front 4

What are the the two major types of joints between vertebrae?

Back 4

1. symphyses between vertebral bodies (inter vertebral discs)

2. synovial joints between articular processes

Front 5

what is the primary curvature of vertebral column?

Back 5

Primary curvature (mostly in fetus and babies) is the one where the vertebral column is arranged in
concave fashion (from the anterior or ventral view).

Front 6

Identify the curvature in the image as primary (concave) or secondary (convex) for different parts of vertebral column.

hint : A and B are on the anterior side

Back 6

A. secondary or convex [cervical vertebrae]
B. primary or concave [thoracic vertebrae]
C. secondary or convex [lumbar vertebrae]
D. primary or concave [sacral and coccygeal vertebrae]

Front 7

what are the anatomical features of Vertebrae?

Back 7

Total 7 anatomical features of vertebra ( note: not every vertebra has all these features )
1. Body (weight bearing part)
2. Vertebral arch (protective part)
3. Processes
4.Vertebral Foramen
5. Vertebral Canal
6. notches
7. Intervertebral foramen

Front 8

Vertebral Arch is composed of what two parts? identify them on the image.

Back 8

1. Pedicles (two one on each side)
2. Lminae (two one on each side)

On Image:
( D ) Pedicle
the part of the arch which connects the transverse process and the lamina to the vertebral body.

( F ) Lamina
dorsal part of arch connected to pedicles.

Front 9

how many processes are there in vertebra?

Back 9

Total 7.

a. Articular processes (4)
b. Transverse processes (2)
c. Spinous process (1)

Front 10

Which vertebral processes are attached by Synovial joint?

Back 10

articular processes

bony part of synovial joint; contains 2 superior and 2 inferior facets for articulations with other vertebrae.

Front 11

What processes originate from the junction between the pedicle and the lamina

Back 11

Transverse Processes

Front 12

identify the Spinous process in the picture.

Back 12

( 7 )

Front 13

what is the function of spinous process?

Back 13

Attachment for muscles and ligaments.

Front 14

What is Vertebral foramen?

Back 14

the opening in one vertebrae bounded by the body, the pedicles, and the laminae.

Front 15

How is vertebral canal formed?

Back 15

The vertebral or the spinal canal is formed by the successive vertebral foramina. This canal forms a continuous channel which contains the spinal cord, nerve roots, spinal nerves, meninges, and vessels.

Front 16

Name the notches in vertebra and identify them on the image.

Back 16

a. Superior vertebral notch – small notch above the pedicle. [Labeled as "C" on image]

b. Inferior vertebral notch – small notch below the pedicle. [Labeled as "D" on image]

Front 17

How is intervertebral foramen formed?

Back 17

an opening called "intervertebral foramen" is formed by superior and inferior vertebral notches of adjacent vertebrae; the dorsal root ganglia of spinal nerves lie in the intervertebral foramina, and it is in this area that the dorsal and ventral roots join.

Front 18

what is Transverse foramina?

Back 18

Foramina in the Cervical transverse processes of the first 6 cervical vertebrae; often present in C7. The foramina contain the vertebral arteries and veins.

Front 19

what is the name for 1st Cervical Vertebra?

Back 19

Atlas

Front 20

what are some of the distinct features of Atlas (first cervical vertebra)?

Back 20

i. Lacks a body and a spinous process
ii. Contains an anterior arch and anterior tubercle, a posterior arch and posterior tubercle, and a lateral mass

Front 21

what is the name for 2nd cervical vertebra?

Back 21

Axis

Front 22

what are the distinct features of axis?

Back 22

a. Dens (odontoid process)

b. Atlantoaxial joint – joint between the atlas and the axis’ dens

Front 23

which vertebra contains a long spinous process?

Back 23

C 7 – vertebra prominens

Front 24

which vertebrae have bifid spines?

Back 24

Cervical vertebrae from C2 to C6 have bifid spines.

Front 25

what are costal facets and where are they located?

Back 25

Costal facets are located on the thoracic vertebrae for articulation with ribs; located on the body and on the transverse process.

Front 26

how many costal facets are there on thoracic vertebra?

Back 26

Total 6

2 superior, 2 inferior, and two transverse

Front 27

long slender spinous processes are the characteristic of which group of vertebrae?

Back 27

Thoracic

Front 28

Joint between the atlas (c1) and the axis’ (C2) dens is called?

Back 28

Atlantoaxial ( if you have difficulty remebering this name think about a joint between ATLAS ..to...AXIAL

Front 29

what is the function of Atlantoaxial joint?

Back 29

Lateral rotation of atlas on axis (shaking head in "no" movement)

Front 30

what is the shape of vertebral bodies in the middle of thoracic region

Back 30

The bodies in the middle of the thoracic region are heart-shaped. ( from lab manual)

Front 31

which vertebrae has the largest body size?

Back 31

Lumbar

Front 32

anterior and superior part of the body of S1 is called?

Back 32

Sacral promontory

Front 33

what is Sacral hiatus?

Back 33

The aperture present where S5 lamina and spinous process are absent.

it leads into the sacral canal and is the inferior opening of the vertebral canal.

Front 34

to what part of the body is sacral vertebrae are attached?

Back 34

Ilium or Pelvis

Front 35

what joint attaches sacrum to pelvis?

Back 35

Sacroiliac joint.

its a synovial joint.

Front 36

what is the common name for coccygeal vertebrae

Back 36

tailbone

Front 37

A defect allowing part of a vertebral arch to be separate from its body is?

Back 37

Spondylolysis

Front 38

what is spina bifida?

Back 38

a defect of the vertebral arch resulting from the failure of fusion of the halves of the arch; usually occurs in L5 and/or S1

Front 39

Name the three Abnormal curvatures of vertebral column

Back 39

1. Kyphosis
2. Lordosis
3. Scoliosis

Front 40

Kyphosis

Back 40

exaggerated thoracic curvature, sometimes referred to as “humpback” or "hunchback"

Front 41

Lordosis

Back 41

exaggerated lumbar curvature, due to the anterior rotation of the pelvis; sometimes referred to as “swayback”

Front 42

Scoliosis

Back 42

Abnormal lateral curvature of the vertebrae; often described as a “crooked” back.

Front 43

what are the common ligaments of vertebral column?

Back 43

a. Supraspinous
b. Interspinous
c. Ligamentum Flavum
d. Anterior Longitudinal
e. Posterior Longitudinal

Front 44

what is a thin, continuous ligament that attaches to the tip of each spinous process from the sacrum to C7.

Back 44

Supraspinous

Front 45

what is the name of ligament that connects the tips of the spinous processes of cervical vertebrae from C7 to the skull,

Back 45

Nuchal Ligament

Front 46

which unite adjacent spinous processes in an oblique direction?

Back 46

Interspinous

Front 47

which ligament connects laminae of adjacent vertebrae

Back 47

Ligamentum Flavum

Front 48

function of Anterior Longitudinal ligament

Back 48

Bind anterior surfaces of bodies and discs

Front 49

function of posterior Longitudinal ligament

Back 49

Bind posterior surfaces of bodies & discs; located in the vertebral canal ( pay attention to its location).

Front 50

Intervertebral joints are what type of joints?

Back 50

Cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) - slightly moveable

Front 51

function of intervertebral joints?

Back 51

united to fibrocartilage (intervertebral disc)

Front 52

what are the 2 parts of intervertebral disc?

Back 52

(1) anulus fibrosus – the outer fibrous part composed of fibrocartilage arranged in concentric lamellae; attached to rims of vertebral bodies.

(2) nucleus pulposus – a gelatinous central mass that composes the “core” of the disc.

Front 53

reduction in height due to aging is related to _____________ .

Back 53

dehydration and degeneration in the nucleus pulposus.

Front 54

Name the synovial joints in vertebral column.

Back 54

a. Costotransverse – the articulation between the rib tubercle and the transverse process of corresponding vertebrae.

b. Costovertebral – the articulation between the head of the rib and the costal facets of the vertebral bodies.

c. Zygapophyseal joints (facet joints) – articulations between the articular processes of the vertebral arches.

Front 55

The gliding movements between the vertebrae are allowed due to what joints?

Back 55

Zygapophyseal joints

Front 56

where is the origination of spinal cord?

Back 56

continuous with the medulla oblongata; superiorly, it begins at the foramen magnum

Front 57

what is the name for the terminal end of spinal cord?

Back 57

Medullary cone (conus medullaris), located inferior to the exit of the coccygeal nerve rootlets

Front 58

where does the termination of spinal cord occurs?

Back 58

It occurs at the intervertebral disc between L1 and L2; however, it can vary in its ending from T12 to L3.

Front 59

why is spinal cord shorter than vertebral column?

Back 59

During fetal growth, the spinal cord and vertebrae do not grow at the same rate; the vertebral column grows faster, leaving the spinal cord shorter than the vertebral column

Front 60

specify the two regions of spinal cord enlargements?

Back 60

1. Cervical Enlargement – from C4 to T1 segments of the spinal cord----- supply the upper extremities.

2. Lumbosacral Enlargement – from L1-S4 segments--supply the lower extremities.

Front 61

A collection of dorsal and ventral roots of the lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal spinal nerves that travel through the subarachnoid space are collectively called ____________.

Back 61

Cauda Equina

Front 62

what are the three types of arteries that supply blood to spinal cord.

Back 62

1. Anterior spinal artery --distributed in ventral median fissure

2. Posterior spinal arteries --lies dorsal to the dorsal roots of the spinal nerves

3. Radicular arteries--supply to anterior and posterior nerve roots and also replenish the spinal arteries

Front 63

how many spinal veins are there?

Back 63

3 anterior spinal veins and 3 posterior spinal veins

Front 64

Spinal veins drain into __________________.

Back 64

Radicular veins.

Front 65

What are meninges?

Back 65

3 membranes which surround the C.N.S. and the proximal portion P.N.S.

meninx - singular

Front 66

Name three meninges.

Back 66

dura mater (outer most)
arachnoid (middle layer)
pia mater (inner most) glued to spinal cord and brain cannot be separated.

Front 67

filum terminale of pia mater blends with filum of dura mater to form_____________________.

Back 67

the coccygeal ligament

Front 68

what is Filum terminale?

Back 68

an extension of pia mater from the spinal cord’s conus medullaris to the coccyx.

Front 69

lateral extensions of pia mater between the spinal nerve roots re called.

Back 69

Denticulate ligaments

Front 70

where does pia mater ends?

Back 70

ends when the spinal cord ends between L1 and L2.

Front 71

on the spinal cord spinal blood vessels are covered by which meninx

Back 71

pia mater

Front 72

the space between arachnoid and dura mater is called

Back 72

subdural space

Front 73

space between arachnoid and pia mater is

Back 73

subarachnoid space

Front 74

cerebrospinal fluid can be found in ____________________.

Back 74

subarachnoid space.

Front 75

Inferiorly, the arachnoid layer ends at what vertebral level?

Back 75

S2

Front 76

The subarachnoid space from L2-S2 is known as _____________.

Back 76

lumbar cistern (location for lumbar puncture)

Front 77

the space between vertebral foramina and dura mater is called ________________.

Back 77

epidural space

Front 78

what is dural sac?

Back 78

It is a sheath of dura within the vertebral canal. Spinal nerves pierce the dural sac.

Front 79

where does the dural sac ends?

Back 79

The dural sac ends at S2.

Front 80

The connective tissue that covers a peripheral nerve is called___________.

Back 80

epineurium

Front 81

what is the other location where spinal dura is present?

Back 81

Spinal dura is present in the intervertebral foramina and along the nerve roots distal to the dorsal root ganglia....blends distally with epineurium.

Front 82

Name the topograpghy of spinal chord labeld in the image

Back 82

A. dorsal median sulcus
B. dorsal intermediate sulci
C. dorsolateral sulci
D. ventral median fissure
E. ventrolateral sulci

Front 83

Nucleus pulposus is derived from what embryonic structure?

Back 83

Notochord

Front 84

what embryonic structure makes dorsal root ganglionic cells

Back 84

neural crest

Front 85

spinal cord is derived from what embryonic structure

Back 85

ectoderm or neruepithelium (neural tube)