Griffin Tech Ahs101 A&p Ch8 Nervous System

Front 1

Serves as the chief coordinating agency for all systems?

Back 1

Nervous system

Front 2

Includes the brain and spinal cord?

Back 2

Central nervous system

Front 3

Made up of nerves outside the CNS, includes the cranial nerves and the spinal nerves that carry messages away from the CNS?

Back 3

Peripheral Nervous System

Front 4

Include all of the nervous tissue in the body?

Back 4

CNS & PNS

Front 5

Any tissue or organ that carries out a command from the nervous system is called?

Back 5

Effector

Front 6

Muscle glands or tissues that carry out commands from the CNS?

Back 6

Effector

Front 7

Controlled voluntarily and all its effectors are skeletal muscles?

Back 7

Somatic nervous system

Front 8

The involuntary nervous sytem is called?

Back 8

Autonomic NS

Front 9

Also called the visceral nervous system?

Back 9

Autonomic NS

Front 10

Controls smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands which make up the soft body organs (viscera)?

Back 10

Autonomic NS

Front 11

Two subdivisions of the ANS?

Back 11

Sympathetic and parasympathetic NS

Front 12

The controlling of involuntary functions such as blood pressure, heart rate, and breathing is a technique called?

Back 12

biofeedback

Front 13

Functional division of the nervous system whose control is voluntary,?

Back 13

Somatic NS

Front 14

Functional division of the nervous system whose effectors are the skeletal muscles?

Back 14

Somatic NS

Front 15

Functional division of the nervous system whose control is involuntary?

Back 15

Autonomic NS

Front 16

Functional division of the nervous system whose effectors are smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands?

Back 16

Autonomic NS

Front 17

Functional division of the nervous system whose subdivisions are sympathetic and parasympathetic?

Back 17

Autonomic NS

Front 18

What are the two division of the nervous system based on structure?

Back 18

CNS and PNS

Front 19

Functional cells of the NS are highly specialized cells called?

Back 19

neurons

Front 20

Contains the cell body, the nucleus and other organelles typically found in cells?

Back 20

main portion of a neuron

Front 21

A distinguishing feature of the neurons are?

Back 21

The threadlike fibers that extend out from the cell body and carry impulses across the cell.

Front 22

The neuron has how many types of fibers?

Back 22

2, axon and dendrite

Front 23

Type of nerve fiber that is highly branched (resembles a tree) and conducts impulses to the cell body?

Back 23

Dendrites

Front 24

Comes from the greek word meaning tree?

Back 24

Dendrites

Front 25

Dendrites function as ?

Back 25

receptors in the NS

Front 26

Type of neuron fiber that receives the stimulus that begins a neural pathway?

Back 26

dendrites

Front 27

Type of neuron fiber that conduct impulses AWAY FROM the cell bosy?

Back 27

Axon

Front 28

A single fiber that is long and branches at its ends and delivers impulses to another neuron, a muscle, or a gland?

Back 28

Axon

Front 29

Fatty material that covers some axons?

Back 29

myelin

Front 30

Insulates and protects the axon nerve fiber?

Back 30

myelin

Front 31

In the PNS, a special type of connective tissue cell wrapping around the axon like a jelly roll, depositing layers of myelin?

Back 31

Schwann cells (shvahn)

Front 32

Small spaces between the individual cells?

Back 32

nodes

Front 33

Important in speeding the conduction of nerve impulses?

Back 33

nodes

Front 34

The outermost membrane of the Schwann cell from a thin coating known as?

Back 34

Neurilemma

Front 35

The covering that is a part of the mechanism by which the PNS nerves repair themselves?

Back 35

neurilemma

Front 36

Because the brain and spinal cells are non-neurilemma, they cannot?

Back 36

regenerate themselves, they die

Front 37

Called white fibers and found in white matter?

Back 37

myelinated axons

Front 38

Grey matter is not covered with?

Back 38

myelin

Front 39

The job of the neurons in the PNS is to relay information constantly either to or from the?

Back 39

CNS

Front 40

Neurons that conduct impulses TO (toward)the spinal cord and brain?

Back 40

sensory neurons

Front 41

Sensory neurons are also known as?

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Afferent neurons

Front 42

Neuron cells that carry impulses FROM (Away) the CNS to muscles and glands is?

Back 42

motor neurons

Front 43

Motor neurons are also called?

Back 43

efferent neurons

Front 44

Neurons that relay information within the CNS are called?

Back 44

interneurons or central or associated neurons

Front 45

A bundle of fibers located within the PNS is known as a?

Back 45

nerve

Front 46

A bundle of nerve fibers located within the CNS are a?

Back 46

tract

Front 47

Located in both the brain and the spinal cord where they carry impulses to and from the brain?

Back 47

Tract

Front 48

Individual nerve fibers organize into bundles or?

Back 48

Fascicles

Front 49

Located around each individual fiber?

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Endoneurium

Front 50

Located around a fascicle?

Back 50

Perineurium

Front 51

Located around the whole nerve?

Back 51

Epineurium

Front 52

A nerve may contain all______, all______ or a combination of both?

Back 52

Sensory and motor

Front 53

Cranial nerves containing only sensory fibers?

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Sensory (afferent) nerves

Front 54

Cranial nerves containing only motor fibers?

Back 54

Motor (efferent) nerves

Front 55

Most of the crainial and spinal nerves contain both ________ and _______ fibers?

Back 55

Motor and Sensory

Front 56

Combination nerves with both motor and sensory nerves are called?

Back 56

Mixed nerves

Front 57

Cells that serve as support and protection?

Back 57

Neuroglia or glial cells

Front 58

From the greek word meaning Glue?

Back 58

Neuroglia or glial cells

Front 59

Neuroglia or glial cells specialise in functions PARSA?

Back 59

P=protect nervous tissue
A=Aid in repair of cells
R=Regulate the composition of fluids around and between cells
S= Support nervous tissue and bind it to other structures
A=Act as phagocytes to remove pathogens and impurities

Front 60

List a type of neuroglia?

Back 60

Schwann cell

Front 61

A type of neuroglia that is named for its starlike shape and attaches to capillaries and help protect the brain from harmful substances?

Back 61

Astrocytes

Front 62

What is the difference between neuroglia and neurons?

Back 62

Neuroglia continue to multiply throughout life, neurons do not

Front 63

The noncoducting cells of the NS are called?

Back 63

neuroglia or glial cells

Front 64

The plasma membrane of an unstimulated (resting) neuron carries an electrical charge or?

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Potential

Front 65

The resting_______is maintained by ions concentrated on either side of the membrane?

Back 65

Potential

Front 66

The_____ ______ works by means of electrical impulses sent along neuron fibers and transmitted from cell to cell at highly specialized junctions?

Back 66

Nervous System

Front 67

Ions maintain the _______potential?

Back 67

Resting

Front 68

At rest, the inside of the plasma membrane is _______as compared with the outside?

Back 68

Negative

Front 69

When the inside of the membrane is negative as compared with the outside is called?

Back 69

Polarization

Front 70

The nerve impulses potential can be compared to a _____ with opposite charges on either side, waiting for the chance for each charge to move toward each other thus producing electricity?

Back 70

Battery

Front 71

Starts with a local reversal in the membrane potential caused by changing the ion concentration on either side?

Back 71

Nerve impulses

Front 72

The sudden electrical change at the membrane is called?

Back 72

Action potential

Front 73

At rest which ions are more concentrated on the outside of the membrane?

Back 73

Na+

Front 74

At rest, which ions are more concentrated on the inside of the membrane?

Back 74

K+

Front 75

A stimulus of adequate force, such as electrical, chemical, or mechanical energy, causes spcific channels in the membrane to open up and allow?

Back 75

Na+ ions to flow into the cell

Front 76

When Na+ diffuse into the cell, they raise the charge on the inside of the membrane, a charge known as?

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Depolarization

Front 77

As the electrical charge returns to its resting value, the membrane is undergoing________?

Back 77

Repolariztion

Front 78

During repolarization, which ion open to leave the cell?

Back 78

K+ (potassium)

Front 79

What form of transport during repolarization is used to move Na+ and K+ back to either side of the membrane so they can be stimulated again?

Back 79

Active transport (against the grain)

Front 80

What is the activity descirbed as when the Na+ and K+ are trasported back to the resting potential?

Back 80

Na+/K+ pump

Front 81

Any force that can start an action potential by opening membrane channels allowing Na+ to enter cell?

Back 81

Stimulus

Front 82

The channels in the resting potential are "voltage dependent", that is they respond to?

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Electrical stimulus

Front 83

If the axon fiber is not myelinated, the action potential spreads_________ along the membrane of the cell?

Back 83

Continously

Front 84

Myelin acts as an _______ to prevent the spread of current along the membrane?

Back 84

Insulater

Front 85

The myelinated fibers speed up the conduction forcing the action potential to?

Back 85

Jump like a spark from a node to node along the sheath

Front 86

This type of conduction is actually faster than continous conduction?

Back 86

Jump (myelinated fibers)

Front 87

An action potential occures in two stages, what are they called?

Back 87

Depolarization and Repolarization

Front 88

In the first stage of action potential the charge on the membrane?

Back 88

Reverses (Na+ which is more concentrated on the oustide diffused to the inside)

Front 89

In the second stage of action potential, What returns to the resting state?

Back 89

Na+ and K+ concentration are restored to pre-depolariztion more Na+ on outside and more K+ on inside.

Front 90

What ions are involved in generating an action potentail?

Back 90

Na+ and K+

Front 91

During repolarization what happens to K+?

Back 91

K+ leaves the cell

Front 92

The point of junction for transmitting the nerve impulse is?

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Synapse

Front 93

Comes from the Greek word "to clasp"?

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Synapse

Front 94

Impulses must be ________between neurons to convey information withing the nervous system?

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Tranferred

Front 95

The end bulb of the presynaptic (transmitting) axon has?

Back 95

Vesicles containing neurotransmitter

Front 96

The neurotransmitter in the vesiciles at the end-bulb of the presynaptic axon are released into?

Back 96

The sypantic cleft

Front 97

When the neurotransmitter crosses the synaptic cleft, what is the next step of its journey?

Back 97

It is relased from the presynaptic axon into the synaptic cleft, and to the membrane of the postsynaptic membrane to the dendrite of the neuron

Front 98

At the synapse, transmission of an impulse usually occurs from the axon of one cell or ________ to the _________ of another cell or ______?

Back 98

presynaptic membrane
dendrite
postsynaptic membrane

Front 99

The axon is the ________ of the neuron, while the dendrite is the________ of the neuron?

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Transmission side,
reception side

Front 100

A tiny gap between cells used to pass information from the axon of one cell to the dendrite of another?

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Synaptic cleft

Front 101

The information usually crosses the syneptic cleft in the form of a chemical known as?

Back 101

Neurotransmitter

Front 102

During resting potential, neurotransmitters are stored within small vesicles where?

Back 102

end-bulbs, or terminal bulbs of the axon

Front 103

Enlarged endings of the axons are called?

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end-bulbs, or terminal bulbs

Front 104

Special sites that pick-up and respond to the neurotransmitter information other than the receiving dendrite?

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Receptor

Front 105

Receptors in the postsynaptic cell membrane influence?

Back 105

how or if that cell will respond to a given transmitter

Front 106

The main neurotransmitters are?

Back 106

Epinephrine or adrenaline
norepinephrine or noradrenaline, and acetylcholine

Front 107

Which neurotransmitter is released at the neuromuscular juntion?

Back 107

ACh (acetlycholine)

Front 108

Epinephrine, adrenaline, and acetylcholine are all part of which system?

Back 108

Autonomic Nervous System

Front 109

Chemicals are needed to carry information across the synaptic cleft, as a group what all these chemicals called?

Back 109

Neurotransmitters

Front 110

The cells ______is based on the total effects of all the neurotransmitters it recieves at any one time?

Back 110

Response

Front 111

After the release of the neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft, what are the removal methods?

Back 111

the chemical will slowly diffuse away, be destroyed by enzymes in the cleft, reuptake process

Front 112

The method of removal helps determine how long a neurotransmitter will?

Back 112

Act

Front 113

Two types of action the neurotransmitter is capable of?

Back 113

Inhibitory and excitatory

Front 114

Not all synapses are chemically controlled, why?

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The electrical energy
travels directly from one cell to another (constant coordinated communication)

Front 115

The link between the PNS and the brain is?

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Spinal Cord

Front 116

Helps to coordinate the impulses in the CNS?

Back 116

Spinal Cord

Front 117

The spinal cord has a small irregularly shaped internal section of?

Back 117

grey matter (unmyelinated) and white matter (myelinated)

Front 118

The column of grey matter in the spinal cord extends up and down_____?

Back 118

dorsally, on each side

Front 119

The ventral region of the spinal colum also has a set of columnar grey matter on wither side called?

Back 119

Ventral horns

Front 120

The dorsal grey matter column are called?

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Dorsal horns

Front 121

The dorsal and ventral horns give the grey matter an ___
appearance in cross-section?

Back 121

H

Front 122

The bridge of the grey matter that connects the right and left horns is called?

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grey commissure

Front 123

A small channel within the grey commissure is?

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central canal

Front 124

This part of the spinal column contains the cerebrospinal fluid?

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Central canal

Front 125

The liquid that circulates around the brain and the spinal cord?

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Cerebrospinal fluid

Front 126

A narrow groove that separates the right and the left portions of the posterior white matter?

Back 126

Posterior median sulcus

Front 127

A deep groove that seperates the R and L portions of the anterior white matter?

Back 127

Anterior median fissure

Front 128

The spinal cord is the pathway for sensory and motor impulses to?

Back 128

Travel

Front 129

Two types of tracts that carry nerve impulses?

Back 129

Ascending and descending

Front 130

The descending tract carries what type of impulses?

Back 130

Motor (efferent)(towards)

Front 131

The ascending tract carries what type of impulses?

Back 131

Sensory (afferent)(Away)

Front 132

The spinal cord contains both grey and white matter, how are these tissues arranged in the spinal column?

Back 132

the ventral and dorsal horns run parallel with the spinal cord, positioned to make an H shape

Front 133

What is the purpose of the tracts in the white matter of the spinal cord?

Back 133

To carry select nerve impulses to an from the brain

Front 134

The nervous systems receives and acts on both _____ and ____ stimuli?

Back 134

Internal and External

Front 135

A complete pathway form the stimulus to effector is termed a?

Back 135

Reflex arc

Front 136

The basic functional pathway of the nervous systems is?

Back 136

The reflex arc

Front 137

List the parts of a reflex arc?

Back 137

Receptor, Sensory neuron, CNS, motor neuron, effector

Front 138

Sensory impulses enter which horn of the spinal cord?

Back 138

Dorsal (from senses to brain)

Front 139

Where impulses are coordinated and response is organized describes what nervous system?

Back 139

CNS

Front 140

Motor impulses enter the spinal cord through which horn?

Back 140

Ventral Horn

Front 141

A muscle or gland outside the CNS that carries out a response?

Back 141

Effector

Front 142

Is a rapid, uncomplicated and automatic response involving very few neurons?

Back 142

A simple reflex

Front 143

A given stimulus that always produces the same response or?

Back 143

reflex

Front 144

A simple reflex arc that passes through the spinal cord alone and does not involve the brain is termed?

Back 144

Spinal reflex

Front 145

Type of spinal reflex in which a muscle is stretched and responds by contracting is?

Back 145

stretch reflex (knee-jerk, when the doctor tests your reflex with the rubber hammer on patellar tendon)

Front 146

Which muscle contracts eliciting the knee-jerk reflex?

Back 146

Quadriceps femoris

Front 147

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

Back 147

31 pairs

Front 148

How are the spinal nerves numbered?

Back 148

They are numbered according to the level of each spinal cord from which it arises
(cervical, thoraci, etc)

Front 149

Each nerve is attached to the spinal cord by how many roots?

Back 149

2

Front 150

What are the nerve roots called that each nerve is attached?

Back 150

Dorsal and ventral root

Front 151

The marked swelling of grey matter on the dorsal root is called?

Back 151

Dorsal root ganglion

Front 152

A collection of nerve cell bodies located outside the CNS?

Back 152

A ganglion

Front 153

Sensory fibers throught the body lead to the _______ _____ ______?

Back 153

Dorsal root ganglia

Front 154

The ventral root of the spinal nerves are a combination of?

Back 154

motor (efferent) fibers, and muscles and glands (effectors)

Front 155

All spinal nerves are considered which type of nerve?

Back 155

mixed, because of the motor and sensory (efferent, and afferent)

Front 156

Spinal branches anteriorly interlace to form networks called?

Back 156

Plexuses

Front 157

The plexuses distribute branches to all parts of the _____?

Back 157

Body

Front 158

Three main plexuses?

Back 158

Cervical plexus, brachial plexus, and lumbosacral plexus (sciatic nerve)

Front 159

Distinct regions of the skin that are supplied by a single spinal nerve?

Back 159

dermatome