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166 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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These are the two specialized centers of control in the body that make important adjustments to maintain homeostasis
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endocrine system
nervous system |
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This is the study of functions and disorders of the nervous system
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neurology
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Sensory receptors respond to stimuli by generating nerve impulses along X (aka Y) type of neurons that travel to Z?
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sensory or afferent neurons that travel into the spinal cord and brain
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This word means "marrow" in Greek
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myelin
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This word means "by the side of" + "to feel with"
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parasympathetic
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Most of the neurons in the body are X which are found where?
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interneurons, found between sensory and motor neurons
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Efferent neurons are also known as X?
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motor neurons
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Motor neurons carry nerve impulses to what structures?
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smooth, cardiac, skeletal muscle
glands |
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Motor neuron impulses are called what?
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effectors
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Name 4-5 functions of the nervous system
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sensory input
interpretive fx motor output higher mental fx and emotional responsiveness |
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Name four major components of the brain
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cerebrum
cerebellum diencephalon brainstem |
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Name seven components of the CNS
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brain: cerebrum, cerebellum, diencephalon, brainstem;
meninges,cerebrospinal fluid and spinal cord |
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cranial nerves originate from where?
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brain
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spinal nerves originate from where?
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spinal cord
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How many pairs of nerves does the PNS have?
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43: 12 pairs of cranial and 31 pairs of spinal
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The nervous system can be divided in two (X and Y). X can be divided into two structures (what are they?) and Y can be divided into 2 or 3 systems (what are they?)
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CNS (brain and spinal cord)
PNS (autonomic and somatic OR autonomic, somatic and enteric) |
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The CNS is primarily concerned with what fx?
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1. interpreting incoming sensory information
2. issuing instructions in the form of motor responses 3. control center for thoughts/emotional experiences |
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The somatic nervous system (SNS) includes X type of neurons that carry info from what four special senses and what four structure types?
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There are *sensory* neurons that carry info from sensory receptors for the special senses of vision, hearing, taste and smell, and from bones, muscles, joints and the skin.
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Motor neurons in which system carry impulses from the CNS out to skeletal muscles?
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SNS (somatic nervous system) of the PNS (peripheral nervous system)
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The ANS is an involuntary system that supplies impulses to what structures?
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smooth muscle
cardiac muscle glands |
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The ANS has two divisions which possess complementary responses. Give an example
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If the sympathetic nervous system speeds up heart rate, the parasympathetic nervous system slows it down to a normal heart rate.
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How many nerve cells exist in the body?
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estimated 100 billion neurons and supporting neuroglia cells.
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What are 4 fx of neuroglia?
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for neurons, neuroglia help to:
support nourish insulate organize |
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Most brain tumors are made of what type of cell? Why?
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glial cells can replicate themselves through cell division
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Name four types of neuroglia in the CNS
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CNS:
astrocytes ependymocytes (or ependymal) microglia oligodendrocytes |
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Name the two supporting cells in the PNS
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satellite cells
Schwann cells |
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What is the fx and location of satellite cells?
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structural support found only in ganglia in the PNS
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What is the fx and location of Schwann cells? Which part plays a role in regenerating neurons?
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Schwann cells form myelin sheaths surrounding only axons in the PNS. A layer called the sheath of Schwann or the neurilemma helps regenerate PNS neurons.
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Impulse conducting cells (neurons) possess what two properties?
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excitability and conductibility
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What is excitability?
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ability to respond to a stimulus and convert it to a nerve impulse
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What is conductibility?
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ability to transmit the impulses to other neurons, muscles and glands
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long axons are often called what?
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nerve fibers
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short, narrow extensions of a nerve cell that receive and transmit stimuli toward the cell body are:
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dendrites
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This is another word for cell body:
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cyton
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This is the area of the spinal cord with grey matter, and the name of its important regions:
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In the spinal cord, grey matter is centrally located and forms regions called "horns"
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The organelles of a neuron exist in the...
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cell body or cyton
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Axons carry the nerve impulse away from the neuron toward one of what three places?
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another neuron
a muscle cell a gland |
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These are infrequent branches in an axon
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collaterals
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These are five structures associated with an axon:
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synaptic bulb (or knob or end bulb)
telodendria (filament clusters at the distal end of each axon) synaptic vesicles (saclike, produce and store neurotransmitters) myelin sheath (white matter which insulates and increases speed for nerve impulses) Nodes of Ranvier: gaps between each Schwann cell along a myelinated axon (impulses jump these train cars, speed up) |
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Axons carry nerve impulses toward or away from the cell body?
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away
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Is neurillemma, which tightly covers axons, produced in the PNS or CNS?
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PNS only
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Sensory nerves are also called:
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afferent nerves
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Sensory nerves are said to be afferent because...
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they carry impulses to the brain or spinal cord
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Sensory nerves close to the surface of the skin (example):
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Meissner corpuscles
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Sensory receptors deep within the body (example):
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proprioceptors
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Interneurons are also known as:
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association nerves
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What are four fx of association nerves?
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connect sensory and motor nerves
process sensory information, analyze and store some of it and then make decisions about appropriate responses |
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Where are association nerves found?
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Interneurons are found in both the brain and spinal cord.
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Motor nerves are also known as:
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efferent nerves
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Motor nerves are efferent because they carry messages from X (where?) to Y or Z (to do what? to) a muscle or a ZZ
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Motor nerves carry messages from the CNS (brain or spinal cord) to activate or inhibit a muscle or gland
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Do all nerves enter the spinal cord when leaving the brain?
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No, 12 pairs of cranial nerves come straight from the brain into the face and head.
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This is a pattern in which neurons are often arranged:
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reflex arc
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These are the three neuron types that make up the most common reflex arc:
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afferent
interneuron efferent |
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This is the simplest functional unit of the nervous system
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reflex arc
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A reflex arc is essentially a conduction route to and from what?
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CNS
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This is an instantaneous, automatic response to a stimulus from either inside or outside the body
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reflex
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The action of a reflex bypasses the X
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brain
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This is a kind of reflex responsible for contraction of skeletal muscles, such as a knee-jerk at the doctor's office
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somatic reflex
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Muscle spindles and Golgi tendon organs are examples of what type of reflexes?
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somatic reflexes
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This is the type of reflex that maintains homeostasis through coughing, blinking and correcting the heart rate, blood pressure, breathing rate.
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visceral reflex
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This is another name for visceral reflex
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autonomic reflex
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This is the name for an abnormal arc
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physiopathological reflex arc
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An abnormal arc is caused by increased X or an increase in the amount of Y impulses entering the cord.
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stimuli, afferent
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Pain-spasm-pain cycle is an example of what type of reflex arc?
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abnormal or physiopathological
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Massage therapy aids in breaking X and helps reestablish Y in the nervous system?
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the physiopathological reflex arc
equilibrium and a normal reflex arc |
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These are bundles of neurons held together by several layers of connective tissue
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nerves
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This is what wraps around each neuron
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endoneurium
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This is what is formed by: a bundle of neurons, each wrapped with its own endoneurium and filled with lymph
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nerve fascicles
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This is the connective tissue layer that binds nerve fascicles together
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perineurium
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This is the connective tissue layer that binds nerves together
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epineurium
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Give a definition for each:
neuron nerve fascicle nerve |
nerve cell (neuron)
bundle of neurons (nerve fascicle) bundles of nerve fascicles (nerve) |
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These are the two states of a neural cell membrane
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at rest
conducting an impulse (aka action potential) |
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This is the method that produces and maintains the resting potential in a neuron
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sodium-potassium pump
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A sodium-potassium pump is a type of X Y system
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active transport
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The sodium-potassium pump is located where?
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plasma membrane
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The active transport system which keeps the resting potential in a nerve cell transports X and Y in [same/opposite] directions at an [equal/unequal] rate
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sodium and potassium
opposite unequal |
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This is an electrical fluctuation that travels along the surface of a neuron's plasma membrane
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"action potential" or neuron conducting an impulse
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In resting state, sodium ions create a [+/-] charge [inside/outside] a nerve cell?
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positive
outside |
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In resting state, very little X enters the nerve cell with diffusion:
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sodium (Na+)
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In resting state, the concentration of X inside the nerve cell creates a negative inner charge
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potassium (K+)
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When a stimulus is added to a neuron, these channels open, permitting this to flow into the cell and create a differential in charge. Now the inside of the cell is (+/-) and the outside is (+/-).
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sodium (Na+) flows into the cell and the inside becomes + charged, the outside becomes negatively charged.
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An impulse can be conducted only at maximum capacity, true or false?
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True (all-or-none response)
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As Na+ rushes inward, what happens to the next segment? This is part of what process?
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It is stimulated, this is "action potential conduction"
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Can an action potential stimulate the region it came from or decrease in magnitude?
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No, it cannot move backward or decrease in magnitude.
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After an impulse is conducted, what reinstates a resting state?
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The sodium-potassium pump reinstates the resting membrane potential
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A nerve impulse is simply a matter of X changing places and creating different YZ along the cell membrane
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ions
electrical charges |
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This is the term for nerve impulse conduction along unmyelinated axons
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continuous conduction
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This is the term for nerve impulse conduction along myelinated axons
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saltatory conduction
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In saltatory conduction, impulses occur where?
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nodes of Ravier
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Nodes of Ravier are what?
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gaps in the myelin sheath of a neuron
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most of the current in a saltatory conduction flows where?
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under the myelin sheath
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True or false: there is lymph tissue inside of a nerve
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true
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This is the junction between two neurons or between a neuron and a muscle or gland, not touching.
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synapse
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These are the two types of synapses
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electrical and chemical
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These type of synapses occur between cardiac muscle cells and some smooth muscle cells
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electrical
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Chemical synapses are made up of
what three structures? |
1) synaptic bulb
2) synaptic cleft 3) plasma membrane of a postsynaptic neuron |
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The space between the synaptic bulb and the plasma membrane of a postsynaptic membrane is the:
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synaptic cleft
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These are sites where neurotransmitters bind
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receptor sites (embedded in the postsynaptic neuron)
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This structure of a chemical synapse is also known as a synaptic bulb:
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axon terminal
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Nerve impulses cannot cross what?
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synaptic cleft
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Thousands of these are released from a synaptic bulb's vesicles across the synaptic cleft and make contact with the postsynaptic neuron's plasma membrane to bind with receptor sites
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neurotransmitter molecules
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The response in a postsynaptic neuron, muscle or gland depends on whether the neurotransmitter is X or Y
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excitatory or inhibitory
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This is what determines whether a nerve impulse is generated
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strength and frequency of stimuli
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When stimulus is intense enough to generate a nerve impulse, it has reached its X
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threshold
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When a subthreshold stimulus is repeated in succession it may act cumulatively to create a nerve impulse. This term refers to the amount of stimuli needed (freq + # fibers stimulated) to reach threshold stimulus
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summation
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This is a collective term for chemical messengers involved in nerve impulse transmission; how nerves talk to each other:
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neurotransmitters
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More than X# compounds are known or thought to be neurotransmitters
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100
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This kind of neurotransmitter decreases the membane potential (the charge difference across the membrane)
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excitatory
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Excitatory neurotransmitters increase or decrease the membrane potential? ...the impulse rate?
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decrease membrane potential, and increase the impulse rate
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This kind of neurotransmitter increases the membrane potential and decreases the impulse rate
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inhibitory
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ACh stands for the neurotransmitter...
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acetylcholine
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What is the most common neurotransmitter which stimulates muscle contraction and is found in neuromuscular junction as well as between motor nerves and glands AND in the brain
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ACh (acetylcholine)
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Where is ACh found?
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between muscles and nerves
between motor nerves and glands in parts of the brain |
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Is acetylcholine excitatory or inhibitory?
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either
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What brain fx is ACh involved with?
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memory
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This is a chemical family of neurotransmitters containing norepinephrine, epinephrine and dopamine and act directly on the sympathetic nervous system:
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Catecholamines
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What are the major fx of catecholamines?
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excitation and inhibition of certain muscles,
cardiac excitation, metabolic action, and endocrine action |
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Catecholamines contain what three chemicals, and act on what nervous system?
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norepinephrine
epinephrine dopamine sympathetic nervous system |
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This neurotransmitter can be inhibitory or excitatory, and is located in several areas of the CNS and in the sympathetic division of the ANS, and acts as a hormone when secreted by cells of the adrenal medula
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Epinephrine
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This neurotransmitter can be inhibitory or excitatory, and is located in several areas of the CNS and in the sympathetic division of the ANS. This chemical is both a hormone and a neurotransmitter secreted by the adrenal medulla which is involved in arousal, dreaming, mood regulation and emotional responses.
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Norepinephrine
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This is a neurotransmitter found in the brain and ANS which is mostly inhibitory and invoved in emotions, moods and in regulating motor control, as well as implications in attention and learning.
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Dopamine
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This neurotransmitter is found in several regions of the CNS and is mostly inhibitory. It is important for sensory perception, mood regulation, and normal sleep.
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Seratonin
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Seratonin is a naturally occurring derivative of what?
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tryptophan (an amino acid)
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This neurotransmitter is mostly excitatory and is involved in emotions and regulation of body temperature and water balance.
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Histamine
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This neurotransmitter is found in the brain and stimulates inflammatory responses when not acting as a neurotransmitter
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Histamine
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These two neurotransmitters are mostly inhibitory and act similarly to opiates to block pain
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endorphins and enkephalins
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Endorphins and enkephalins are located where (3 general areas)
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CNS
retina intestinal tract |
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These are connective tissue coverings deep in the skull and spine
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meninges
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These are the three fluid filled spaces that contact the meninges:
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subarachnoid, subdural and epidural
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These are the three meninges, from deep to superficial in order:
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pia mater
arachnoid dura mater |
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This is a delicate, transparent and vascular layer that attaches to the surface of the brain and spinal cord
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pia mater
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This is the space filled with cerebrospinal fluid and an arrangement of collagen and elastic fibers that extend superficially
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subarachnoid space
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This layer of meninges surrounding the CNS forms a loose covering with villi
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arachnoid
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This layer surrounding the brain is filled with circulating serous fluid, and lies just above the arachnoid layer
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subdural space
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This is the outermost layer of the meninges
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dura mater
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This meninges layer lies against the bone and contains a double layer of CT, with the outer layer resembling periosteum
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dura mater
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These are the three places where the dura mater dips down or across in the CNS
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1. between the cerebral hemispheres (falx cerebri)
2. across between the cerebrum and cerebellum (tentorium cerebelli) 3. between the paired cerebellar hemispheres (falx cerebelli) |
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This is the space between the meninges layers and the vertebral canal. It is the safest place for injections such as saddle blocks
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epidural space
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These are the three tissues/structures found in the epidural space of the spine
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adipose tissue
connective tissue blood vessels |
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This is a clear fluid that circulates around the subarachnoid space
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CSF (cerebrospinal fluid)
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CSF is derived from what tissue?
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blood
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CSF supplies the CNS with what?
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oxygen and nutrients
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Three fx of the CNS are:
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nourish brain and spinal cord with O2 and nutrients, carry away wastes, and acts as a shock absorber
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After CSF circulates through cavities in the brain and spinal cord, where does it go?
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CSF is reabsorbed into the bloodstream
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CSF is especially sensitive to what three changes or imbalances?
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glucose and electrolyte balance
changes in the CO2 content |
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Where is CSF formed? Where are these sites located?
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choroid plexuses located in the ventricles of the brain
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These are clusters of thin walled capillaries surrounded by ependymal cells in the brain's ventricals
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choroid plexuses
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ependymal cells are also known as X, are located (where?) and assist in what fx?
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ependymocytes line the cranial ventricles and central canal of teh spinal cord and assist in circulating cerebrospinal fluid
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These two things are filtered out of the blood and into the ventricles to form CSF.
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water and "certain important ions"
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This is where the spinal cord leaves the skull
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foramen magnum
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The spinal cord conveys X information from Y nerves up to the brain, and Z information from the brain out to ZZ nerves.
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sensory info from peripheral nerves up to the brain and
motor info from the brain out to peripheral nerves |
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This threadlike fibrous extension of the pia mater is anchored to the coccyx at the lower end of the spinal cord.
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filum terminale
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This is the end of the spinal cord which fans out and resembles a horse's tail
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cauda equina
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# segments in the spinal cord
# pairs of spinal nerves, including # pairs cervical nerves # thoracic, # lumbar, # sacral and # coccygeal nerves |
31 segments
31 pairs of spinal nerves 8 pairs of cervical nerves 12 pairs of thoracic nerves 5 pairs of lumbar nerves 5 pairs of sacral nerves 1 pair of coccygeal nerves |
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In a cross-section of the spinal cord, the center is a structure named... which contains...
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central canal contains CSF
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Afferent impulses travel on the ascending/descending tract in the spinal cord?
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ascending
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Efferent impulses travel on the ascending/descending tract in the spinal cord?
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descending
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In the embryo, the X forms before the Y is finished, which results in a turning in and mushrooming.
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skull forms before brain is finished
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These are grooves in the brain's cortex (outer layer)
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sulci
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These are elevated ridges of tissue in the brain
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gyri
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These are specialized deep sulci that divide the brain into hemispheres and lobes
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fissures
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# pairs of cranial nerves that originate in the brain?
# cranial nerves? |
12 pairs, 24 nerves
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This is a well known energy source for brain cells
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glucose
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Brain cells will die within 1-2 minutes without this substance
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oxygen
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Glucose breaks down only by what process?
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aerobic respiration (requires oxygen)
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The brain needs a continuous supply of what two things? Which one does the brain use 20% of the body's intake of?
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glucose and oxygen
uses 20% of body intake of O2 |
