Gre Social Psychology

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Norman Triplett

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Published what is thought to be the first study of social psychology, focusing on competition and performance (1898). People perform better on familiar tasks with others than alone.

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The first to do something.

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William McDougall

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Psychologist who published one of the first books on Social Psychology

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The first to write something

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E.H. Ross

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A sociologist who published one of the first textbooks on Social Psychology

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The first to write something

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Verplank

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An early social psychologist whose work suggested that social approval influences behavior. Showed that the course of a conversation changes based on feedback of others

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Early social psychologist whose studies suggested...

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Reinforcement theory

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Theory states that behavior is motivated by anticipated rewards

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Formulated by the likes of Pavlov, Thorndike, Hull, and Skinner

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Social Learning Theory

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Behavior is learned through imotation

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Challenged reinforcement theory, headed by Albert Bandura

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Albert Bandura

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Creator of social learning theory

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Role Theory

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Perspective that people are aware of the social roles they are expected to fill, and much observable behavior can be attributed to those roles

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ROLE theory

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Cognitive theory

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Perception, judgement, memories, and decision making are all examples of cognitive concepts that have influenced our understanding of social behavior

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Consistency Theories of Attitudes

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Theories that hold that people prefer consistency and will change or resist changing attitudes based on this preference. Inconsistencies are often resolved by changing attitudes, especially if the person is aware of the inconsistency.

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Fritz Heider's balance theory

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Theory concerned with the way three elements are related: the person we are talking about (P), another person (O), and a thing, idea, or other person (X). Balance exists when all there are equal. If no balance, there is stress.

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Leon Festinger's Cognitive Dissonance Theory

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Cognitive dissonance is conflict that you feel when your attitudes are not the same as your behaviors. Engaging in attitude conflicting behaviors may result in you changing your attitude to be consistent.

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Fritz Heider

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Creator of balance theory

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Leon Festinger

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Creator of Cognitive Dissonance theory

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Free choice dissonance

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Dissonance that occurs in a situation where a person makes a choice between several desirable alternatives

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Post Decisional Dissonance

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Dissonance that emerges after a choice has been made

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Spreading of Alternatives

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An approach to reducing cognitive dissonance by spreading apart the relative worth of two alternatives after a decision is made

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Forced-compliance dissonance

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Dissonance that occurs when an individual is forced into behaving in a manner that is inconsistent with his or her beliefs or attitudes

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Festinger and Carlsmith (1959)

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A cognitive dissonance experiment in which subjects were told to do a repetitive task and then sell the task to the next subject. They were paid either $1 or $20 and then asked to rate the task. Consistent, those paid $1 rated it higher.

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Minimal justification effect (insufficient justification effect)

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When external justification is minimal, you will reduce your dissonance by changing internal cognition

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Daryl Bem's Self Perception Theory

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People infer what their attitudes are baded upon observation of their own behavior

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Overjustification effect

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If you reward people for something they already like doing, they may stop liking doing it

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Carl Hovland's Model

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Deals with attitude change as a process of communicating a message with the intent to persuade someone, broken into three components: the communicator, the communication, and the situation

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Carl Hovland and Walter Weiss (1952)

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An experiment that measured impact source credibility and ability to change attitude. Subjects were presented with the same article written by two different sources, and the high credibility source changed attitudes while the low credibility source did not. Though four months later, the opposite was true.

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Sleeper effect

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When, in the Hovland model, the persuasive impact of the high credibility source decreases and the persuasive impact of the low credibility source increases over time.

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Two sides messages

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Messages that contain arguments for and against a position, offered because they seem to be "balanced" communication

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Petty and Cacioppo's Elaboration Likelihood Model of Persuasion

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A model that suggests there are two routes to persuasion: the center route and the peripheral route.

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Central route to persuasion

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If an issue is important to us. Only stronger arguments can change our minds

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Peripheral route to persuasion

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If an issue is not very important to us or if we cannot clearly hear a message. Argument strength is not as important, but the situation surrounding the argument is important

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William McGuire

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Used analogy of inoculation to model resistance to persuasion. Suggested that people can be inoculated against persuasive communications

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Cultural Truisms

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Beliefs that are seldom questioned

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Refuted counterarguments

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What you use to initiate the inoculation process against persuasion attempts. Weakened and refuted examples of arguments which will allow for better resistance

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Belief perserverance

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The holding of beliefs even after the beliefs have been shown to be false

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Reactance

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When social pressure to behave in a particular way becomes so blatant that the person's sense of freedom is threatened, and the person tends to act in a way to reassert s sense of freedom

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Leon Festinger's Social Comparison Theory

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Suggests that people we are drawn to affiliate because of a tendency to evaluate ourselves in relation to other people.

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The three principles of Festinger's Social Comparison Theory

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1) People prefer to evaluate themselves by objective, nonsocial means. But if not possible then by comparisons to beliefs and opinions of others

2) the less the similarity of opinions and abilities between two people, the less the tendency to compare oneself

3) when a discrepancy exists with respect to opinions and abilities, there is a tendency to change the position so as to move it in line with the group

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Stanely Schacter's research on Social Comparison theory

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Found that greater anxiety does lead to greater desire to affiliate

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Reciprocity Hypothesis

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We tend to like people who indicate that they like us. The inverse is also hypothesized.

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Gain-Loss Principle

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States that an evaluation that changed will have more of an impact than an evaluation that remains consistent.

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Aronson and Linder

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The creators if the Gain-Loss Principle

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Social Exchange Theory/Equity Theory

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A person weighs the rewards and costs of interacting with another. The more the rewards outweigh the costd, the greater the attraction to the other person. People want to maximize rewards and eliminate costs

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Equity theory

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Proposes that we consider not only our own costs and rewards But the costs and rewards of the other person. If one person is getting less or more out a relationship than the other there is an instability

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Need complimentarity

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People choose relationships son that they mutually satisfy each others needs

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Attractiveness stereotype

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The tendency to attribute positive qualities and desirable characteristics to attractive people

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Robert Zajonc

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The key figure in mere-exposure research

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Altruism

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A form of helping behavior in which the persons intent is to benefit someone else at some cost to the self

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Helping behavior

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Helping behaviors that include altruistic motivations, but also egoism and selfishness as favors to the behavior

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John Darley and Bibb Latané

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Social psychologists whose research on bystander intervention was related to the killing of Kitty Genovese. As well, developed the study of smoke in a room. Lastly, they conducted the classic seizure experiment.

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Social Influence

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The presence of others leading to a different interpretation of an event

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Pluralistic ignorance

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The leading of others to the definition of an event as not an emergency

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Empathy

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the ability to vicariously experience the emotions of another

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Batson's empathy-altruism model

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When faced with situations in which others may need help, people may feel distress, and the might feel empathy. Both of these states are important since either can determine helping behavior

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Batson's experiment

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Subjects were exposed to a participant who received shocks. There were either easy or hard escape conditions. Those who displayed more distress than empathy were more likely to leave than help the person in the easy escape condition, and those displaying more empathy than distress were more likely to help regardless of condition.

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Frustration-aggression hypothesis

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When people are frustrated, they act aggressively. There is even an intensity correlation

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Bandura's social learning theory

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Aggression is learned through modelling or through reinforcement. Tested by the famous Bobo doll experiment.

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Muzafer Sherif's conformity study

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Tested the autokinetic effect and the tendency to round individual experiences to a group experience. Aka conformity of ideas.

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Solomon Asch's conformity study

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An experiment that looked at how interpretation of line length could be brought on by only subliminal conformity.