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98 Cards in this Set

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The spatial variations of populations (studied in Population Geography)
Distribution, Composition, Growth, Movement
Total World Population (2009)
6.788 billion
Top Three populated countries
China, India, USA
Three major population clusters
East Asia, Indian Subcontinent, Europe
measures number of people per unit area, for total area of country
Arithmetic Density
World average arithmetic population density
125 people/sq mile
measures number of people per area of total farm land (density is related to food production)
Physiological Density
Number of births in one year/1000 population
Crude Birth Rate(CBR)
The number of children the average woman will bear during her reproductive lifetime (15-49)
Total Fertility Rate
USA - 2
Sierra Leone - 6.5
Number of deaths in a year per 1000 population
Crude Death Rate(CDR)
CBR - CDR
Usually expressed as a percentage
Rate of Natural Increase (RNI)
Causes of Population Explosion
dramatic drops in death rates without a drop in birth rates
Time (in years) it takes for a population to double in size
Doubling Time (72 / Growth Rate)
"An Essay on the Principles of Population"
Stated, Humans multiply faster than growth in food production
Humans multiply geometrically, food multiplies arithmetically.
Thomas Malthus
Graphic representations of sex and age ratios
Population Pyramid
Populations group unified by age, treated as a statistical unit during lifetime
Age Cohort
What age cohorts are considered to be the Baby Boomers?
Those born in 1946-1964.
What is the echo boom?
The children of the Baby Boomers.
What type of birth rate is associated with the following:
Bottom of the pyramid is wide.
Lots of young people who need schooling and house and do not contribute to the economy, but drain its resources.
High Birth Rates.
What type of birth rate is associated with:
A pyramid that is shaped like a symmetrical column.
Lots of old people in need of health care and retirement.
Declining Birth Rates.
The ratio of:
Kids older than 15.
Plus the number of old folks younger than 65.
In relation to workers in age range of economically productive workers ages 15 - 65.
Dependency Ratio
This model is an observed relationship between population growth and economic development. It displays changing levels of human fertility (CBR) and mortality (CDR).
It is associated with industrialization and urbanization, and assumes that over time high birth rate and death rates will be gradually replaced with low birth rates and death rates.
Demographic Transition Model
The first country to go through industrialization.
England.
What stage of the Demographic Transition Model is associated with stabilized population, high CBR & CDR, and a low RNI?
Stage 1: Pre-Industrial.
What stage of the Demographic Transition Model is associated with population explosion, high CBR, and rapidly decreasing CDR?
Stage 2: after Industrialization has begun.
What stage of the Demographic Transition Model is associated with decreasing population, rapidly decreasing CBR, and a slightly less rapidly decreasing CDR. The CBR and CDR are coming closer, so the RNI is declining, and the population is increasing but not as fast as it was.
Stage 3: continued Industrialization and Urbanization. (USA).
What stage of the Demographic Transition Model is associated with low population growth, CBR and CDR nearly the same, RNI dropping to zero, and CDR maybe increasing slightly.
Stage 4: Industrialization complete, moving towards post-Industrial.
What percentage of the world lives in poverty, and what dollar per day amount is considered poverty?
48% of the world.
Living on $2.00 a day.
Percentage of children under 18 in poverty in the US in 2007.
Low: 3%.
High: 67%.
What are the three highest life expectancies, and what countries are they in. What is the life expectancy in the United States?
Japan: 82.
Australia: 81.
France: 81.
United States: 78.
What is the only country in the world that has a greater life expectancy for men than women?
Lesotho:
Males 40.
Females 41.
What percentage of the world lived in urban areas as of:
a. 1975.
b. 2008
a. 1/3 of the world.
b. Over 1/2 of the world.
What two countries are known for have migration to less developed countries?
Costa Rica: To Nicaragua and Panama for seasonal work.
Botswana: Most stable economy in South Africa. Many Refugees and economic migrants.
Characteristics of aging population?
Drop in fertility rates.
Rise in life expectancy.
What is a Sex Ratio?
The numerical ratio of males to females in a population.
Regular population has:
100 females.
98 - 102 males.
Generalizations of Sex Ratios.
Recently settled areas have more males: Alaska is 53% male.
Poor areas have more women:
South Africa, Mississppi.
Males are more mobile and can leave for food.
After prolonged wars there are more males.
Gender Imbalance in China:
Mau Tse Tang:
No population control, believed large population made country strong.
After Mau:
New leaders enforced the "One Child Policy"
One child or:
Lose job.
Deny Education to Children.
Lose Housing.
Taxes Go Up.
This created a gender imbalance because men want male children to carry on clan name.
In some areas there are 5 single women to 1 single male.
Gender Imbalance in India:
Some areas have 133 males to 100 females.
Cultural traditions sustain societal biases against women and girls.
Practices such as the bride price are outlawed in India, but there is loose enforcement.
Death Rates per 1000:
Bangladesh: 68.6 girls 57.7 boys.
Haiti: 61.2 girls 47.8 boys.
Pakistan: 54.4 girls 36.9 boys.
Migration when a migrant has chosen to move.
Voluntary Migration.
Migration when a migrant is compelled to move. Mostly not economic:
Slavery.
Prisoners.
War.
Forced Migration.
A permanent move within the same country, whether it be forced or voluntary.
Internal Migration.
Permanent move from one country to another country whether it be forced or voluntary.
International Migration.
Internal or International migration in which migrants convince other from their home area to migrate to the same new area. New migrants do the same with other people back at home, and forms a chain from one region to the other.
Chain Migration.
Factors that induce people to move out of their present location.
Push Factors.
Factors that induce people to move to a new area.
Pull Factors.
The following are example of what type of economic factor:
unemployment.
low wages at home.
unavailability of land for private ownership.
Economic Push Factors.
The following are examples of what type of economic factor:
Jobs.
Higher Wages.
Better Education.
Socioeconomic Improvement.
Economic Pull Factors.
The following are examples of what type of cultural factor:
Political Instability.
Slavery.
Refugees being forced to migrate because of race, religion, nationality, political opinion, membership in a social group.
Cultural Push Factors.
The following are examples of what type of cultural factor:
Tolerance despite differences in race, religion, nationality, political opinion, membership in a social group.
Cultural Pull Factors.
The following are examples of what type of Environmental Factor:
Hazardous environmental conditions such as:
Harsh Winters.
Extreme Aridity.
Floodplain Areas.
Environmental Push Factors.
The following are examples of what type of Environmental Factor:
Mountains.
Seashores.
Warm Climates.
Environmental Pull Factors.
African Inter-Regional migrations in the US:
1910:
90% in the South.
Push factors:
Escape sharecropping and harsh racism.
Pull factors:
Factory jobs in Norther Industrial cities, less racism.
Migrated mostly straight north on railroad routes.
Blacks from east southern states went to New York, Philly, Washington DC, and Boston.
Blacks from west southern states went to St.Louis, Detroit, Chicago, Milwaukee.
During WWII migration increases greatly mostly north, and some western movement to Los Angeles, Oakland, and San Francisco.
Characteristics of Rural to Urban migration:
Black migration out of south to to urban north.
Pattern in all US regions.
Worldwide patter in 20th century.
Characteristics of Counter-Urbanization:
Occurring in North America and Europe.
Moving from Urban to Suburban or Rural to get out of the rat race, and live in the peaceful countryside away from city problems.
The cultural geographic study of language and dialects.
Geolinguistics.
A tongue that cannot be mutually understood and is the single most common variable when identifying a cultural group.
Language.
Top languages spoken by native speakers.
Han Chinese(Mandarin).
Arabic.
Spanish.
English.
Hindi.
Top languages spoken by native and non native speakers.
Han Chinese(Mandarin).
English.
Hindi.
Arabic.
Spanish.
A group of related languages derived from a common ancestor.
Language Family.
The largest and most widespread language family. Spoken on all continents. Dominant in Europe, Russia, Americas, Australia, parts of SW Asia.
Indo-European.
The following are sub-families of what language family:
Indic.
Iranic.
Romance.
Slavic.
Germanic.
Indo-European.
The following are major subdivisions of which language family:
Semetic.
Hamitic.
Afro-Asiatic Family.
What language was almost declared a dead language, but then was revived in the 1800s and 1900s and was declared the official language of Israel in 1947?
Hebrew.
The following languages belong to which language family which is found in the Arabian Peninsula, Fertile Crescent, and throughout North Africa:
Arabic.
Hebrew.
Semetic.
This language family is found in North and East Africa, and includes the language Berbers which is spoken in Morocco and Algeria. The spread of this language family decreased as Arabic spread through North Africa.
Hamitic.
325 Million speakers.
South of Sahara Desert.
Contains the Bontu subgroup which contains hundreds of languages and thousands of dialects.
Niger-Congo Family
North and South Asia
Turkic, Mongolic, and others.
Altaic Family.
Tropical Islands.
Madagascar through Indonesia.
Pacific Islands to Hawaii and Easter Island
Austronesian.
Finnish and Hungaric.
Uralic
Variant forms of a language that have not lost mutual comprehension.
Dialect
Language formed when different linguistic groups come into contact.
Usually has a small vocabulary and very simple grammar.
Mainly for simply trade and commerce.
Pidgin Language.
A language of communication for commerce and complex trade. Can develop from a pidgin language and is often spoken over a wide area, but is not the mother language of many people. One main example is the language Swahili.
Lingua Franca.
This Lingua Franca has elements from Arabic and other African languages. It is the Native Language of few people, but in the 1970s was declared the official language of Tanzania.
Swahili.
What are the three main linguistic groups in Europe?
Romance.
Teutonic (Germanic) languages.
Slavic Languages.
All three of which are Indo-European.
The following are part of what language group:
Portugese.
French.
Italian.
Romanian.
Catalan.
Romance Languages.
The following are part of what language group:
German.
Norweigian.
Swedish.
Danish.
English.
Teutonic (Germanic).
What is the only European language to develop outside of Europe?
Afrikaans.
The following are part of what language group:
Polish.
Czech.
Ukranian.
Bulgarian.
Russian.
Slavic.
The following are part of what language group:
Irish Gaelic.
Scots Gaelic.
Welsh.
Breton.
Celtic, or Gaelic Languages.
This language is an Independent branch of the Indo-European language family.
Greek.
Non Indo-European Languages:
Hungarian.
Finnish.
Basque.
This language is found in Spain and France, but no one knows its origins.
Basque.
What is a main influence on the alphabet a language uses?
Religion.
These two languages are the same language, but spawned from two different religions.
Serbian and Croatian.
Western Roman Empire.
Roman Catholic.
Roman Alphabet.
Croatian.
Eastern Roman Empire.
Orthodox Christian.
Cyrillic Alphabet.
Serbian.
This language is inconsistent in spelling and pronunciation and is very hard to spell. It is the only European language that does not assign gender to every noun, and has only one main genderless article.
English.
Numbers of English Speakers:
2000 Years ago there were no languages of English.
In AD 450 there was Englisc(Old English) with only tens of thousands of speakers.
In 1600, Shakespeare's time, there were 5-6 million speakers.
Now there are over 1 billion native and non-native speakers.
*Random Information*
In 1983, the African nomadic tribe Taureq delayed annual migration to fresh pastures, during a drought, 10 days to see the ending of the TV show Dallas.
In what year did the Angles, Saxons, Frisians, and Jutes invade Britain and conquer Modern England?
AD 449
The language is unintelligible to speakers of modern English. It was influenced from Scandinavia and many common cuss words came from this time.
Old English.
By what year were the people of Modern England known as the Angelcynn, the English language was known as englisc, and the land was known as Englaland?
by AD 1000.
In what year did William the Conqueror invade and take over England?
AD 1066.
What language became the official language of England after the Norman Conquest? This language was outnumbered by English speakers and had a huge influence on English?
Old French.
This form of English was the first widely written form, and was quickly becoming Modern English by AD 1500. In the 1600s there was a change in the pronunciation of vowels, but many words kept the spelling of the older vowel pronunciation.
Middle English.
Where did most Northern and Southern accents diminish?
Mississippi River.
This English accent carried through most of the West.
Midland Accent.