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141 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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In order to begin reasoning as a scientist, you should:
(a.) state your purpose in broad vague terms (b.) distinguish your purpose from related purposes (c.) never check if you are on target (d.) choose grandiose unattainable scientific purposes |
(b.) distinguish your purpose from related purposes
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The magnitude or size of hazards and the number of injured can be attributed to a large amount of _____ and the number of _____ involved. (a.) water, animals (b.) energy, people (c.) sunlight and continents (d.) energy, galaxies
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(b.) energy, people
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Since scientific reasoning is based on assumptions, it is best to/that (a.) assumptions have nothing to do with reasoning (b.) clearly identify your assumptions (c.) forget how assumptions are shaping your point of view (d.) never assume anything
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(b.) clearly identify your assumptions
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What is a hypothesis? (a.) suggested explanation for facts based on insight (b.) subject to future rejection or alteration (c.) tested with observations and experiments (d.) all of these
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(d.) all of these
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What is a hazard? (a.) the potential threat to humans and the things they value (b.) the potential for loss (c.) the probability of an event happening (d.) the realization of an event with widespread losses
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(a.) the potential threat to humans and the things they value
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What is a disaster? (a.) the potential for loss (b.) the potential threat to humans and the things they value (c.) the realization of a hazard with widespread losses (d.) the probability of an event with widespread losses
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(c.) the realization of a hazard with widespread losses
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What is risk? (a.) the potential threat to humans and the things they value (b.) the potential for loss (c.) the probability of an event happening (d.) the realization of an event with widespread losses
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(c.) the probability of an event happening
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What is vulnerability? (a.) the potential threat to humans and their stuff (b.) the probability of an event happening (c.) the realization of an event with widespread losses (d.) the potential for loss
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(d.) the potential for loss
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When using scientific data, information, and evidence, you should (a.) restrict claims to those supported by the data (b.) search for data that opposes your position (c.) make sure data used is clear, accurate, and relevant (d.) all of these
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(d.) all of these
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Death due to hazards are increasing. This is because (a.) human population is increasing (b.) we have more stuff (c.) hazards are increasing (d.) vulnerability is less from risk
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(a.) human population is increasing
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Inferences or interpretations of scientific reasoning can be evaluated by (a.) inferring whatever you believe the data implies (b.) checking them for their consistency with each other (c.) ignore assumptions which lead you to your conclusions (d.) all of these are correct
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(b.) checking them for their consistency with each other
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Over longer time periods, solids may behave as a liquid as a result of (a.) brittle behavior (b.) ductile behavior (c.) elastic behavior (d.) solids never behave as a liquid
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(b.) ductile behavior
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To determine the implications and consequences associated with scientific reasoning (a.) implications and consequences that follow from data and reasoning are not needed (b.) search for negative as well as positive implications (c.) consider only the possible implications that show your reasoning as correct (d.) all of these
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(b.) search for negative as well as positive implications
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Hazards like hurricanes and earthquakes are (a.) always a hazard (b.) hazards when they occur on land (c.) dangerous when mitigation is high (d.) only become hazards when they interact with humans
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(d.) only become hazards when they interact with humans
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Fires and floods are (a.) always bad (b.) always good (c.) mostly neutral in nature (d.) none of these
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(c.) mostly neutral in nature
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In general, the smaller and less energetic the disaster event, (a.) the shorter the return period between events (b.) the longer the return period between events (c.) return periods have nothing to do with disasters (d.) none of the above
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(a.) the shorter the return period between events
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The return period of a disaster is the average number of years before/between (a.) survivors return to their homes (b.) the economy returns to pre-disaster levels (c.) same-sized events (d.) events of the same type, regardless of size
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(c.) same-sized events
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A primary energy source/s that fuel Earth processes is/are (a.) impact of terrestrial bodies (b.) gravity (c.) the sun (d.) all of the above
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(d.) all of the above
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Earth tides are caused by (a.) differences in gravitational pull from one part of Earth to another (b.) similarities in gravitational pull from one part of the Moon to another (c.) the accretion of planets (d.) Tide detergent
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(a.) differences in gravitational pull from one part of Earth to another
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Using the decay of radioactive isotopes scientists (a.) can predict the rotation of the Earth (b.) can determine gravitational attraction (c.) can determine the internal heat of the Earth (d.) use it as a clock to date rocks
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(d.) use it as a clock to date rocks
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The age of the Earth is about _____ (a.) 10 million years (b.) 100 million years (c.) 1000 million years (d.) 4500 million years
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(d.) 4500 million years
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The solar system and planets evolved from a turbulent, (a.) static cloud of material surrounding the planet (b.) thin band of material surrounding the stars (c.) rotating cloud of material surrounding the sun (d.) there is no universe it is a fabrication of the mind
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(c.) rotating cloud of material surrounding the sun
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An example of isostasy is (a.) more dense materials float on top of less dense materials (b.) less dense materials float on top of more dense materials (c.) weaker materials float on top of stronger materials (d.) stronger materials float on top of weaker materials
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(b.) less dense materials float on top of more dense materials
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As radioactive isotopes of atoms decay, energy is _____ (a.) absorbed (b.) released (c.) neither absorbed nor released (d.) may be absorbed or released, depending on which isotope is involved in the decay
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(b.) released
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The moon is currently believed to have formed by collision of a (a.) asteroid-sized body with the Earth (b.) Mars-sized body with the Earth (c.) Sun-sized body with the Earth (d.) molecule-sized body with the Earth
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(b.) Mars-sized body with the Earth
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Pressure _____ from the Earth's surface to the core. (a.) increases (b.) decreases (c.) remains the same
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(a.) increases
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Temperature _____ from the Earth's surface to the core. (a.) increases (b.) decreases (c.) remains the same
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(b.) increase
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Increasing temperature causes rock to: (a.) expand in volume (b.) become more dense (c.) less capable of flowing under pressure
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(a.) expand in volume
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What types of plate boundary is the following? (a.) transform (b.) divergent (c.) convergent 1.) <-- --> 2.) ---> <-- 3.) | |
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1.) (b.) 2.) (c.) 3.) (a.)
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The style of thought known as _____ seeks to understand the neutral laws and processes active today, and uses this knowledge to read Earth history recorded in rocks and fossils. (a.) Calvinism (b.) catastrophism (c.) uniformitarianism (d.) plate tectonics
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(c.) uniformitarianism
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Alfred Wegener thought the continents had once been a supercontinent, and had since drifted apart why it was rejected because (a.) movement of continents couldn't be visualized (b.) fossil distributions were inconsistent (c.) creation of continents couldn't be visualized (d.) creation of planets could not be visualized
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(a.) movement of continents could not be visualized
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Theories are based on the (a.) beliefs of individuals (b.) speculation (c.) scientific method (d.) hypothesis
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(c.) scientific method
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Which one is NOT one of the many pieces of evidence for continental drift? (a.) continental fit (b.) rocks and mountains (c.) plate tectonics (d.) glaciers
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(c.) plate tectonics
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Atoms have a nucleus made up of _____ and _____ (a.) beer, whiskey (b.) neutrons, quarks (c.) protons, neutrons (d.) atoms have a nucleus?
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(c.) protons, neutrons
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Electrons _____ the nucleus in electron shells (a.) orbit (b.) attack (c.) there are no electrons in an atom
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(a.) orbit
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You drill into the ocean floor, and find a very thick layer of sediment on the surface of the floor (a.) you are close to a spreading center (b.) you are far away from a spreading center (c.) this has nothing to do with spreading centers (d.) I have no idea
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(b.) you are far away from a spreading center
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At an oceanic-oceanic convergent boundary you can expect to see (a.) older crust subduct under younger (b.) more dense crust subduct under less dense (c.) earthquakes happen (d.) all of the above
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(b.) more dense crust subduct under less dense
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You drill into the ocean floor, and find the age of the sea floor is young. (a.) you are close to a spreading center (b.) you are far away from a spreading center (c.) there is not enough information (d.) sediments, age, ocean floor I have no idea
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(a.) you are close to a spreading center
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At a convergent boundary with continental-continental crust colliding you would see (a.) older crust subduct under younger (b.) crust of the same density crash into each other (c.) no earthquakes (d.) no continental-continental crust collides at a convergent boundary
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(b.) crust of the same density crash into each other
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At a divergent boundary you would expect to see (a.) magnetic reversals in the crust (b.) tall mountains (c.) felsic rocks (d.) rocks from the core
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(a.) magnetic reversals in the crust
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At a transform boundary you would expect to see (a.) crust diverging (b.) older crust subduct under younger (c.) tectonics plates moving past each other
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(c.) tectonic plates moving past each other
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What causes the plates in plate tectonics to move? (a.) slab push, ridge pull (b.) slab pull, ridge push and internal convection currents (c.) ridge push and tidal currents (d.) the effects of paleomagnetism on the inner core
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(b.) slab pull, ridge push and internal convection currents
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People are moving to Florida in large amounts how does this affect the area's vulnerability? (a.) decrease (b.) keeps it the same (c) increases (d.) has nothing to do with it
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(c.) increases
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When atoms share electrons this is known as _____ bonding (a.) ionic (b.) covalent (c.) metallic (d.) atoms have electrons?
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(b.) covalent
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The Earth's oceanic crust is heavier than continental crust because it contains (a.) marshmallows (b.) iron (c.) silicon (d.) hydrogen
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(b.) iron
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Viscosity is the _____ resistance to flow. A. internal B. external c. total
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A. internal
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The resistance to flow is a function of the interaction of A. the atomic nucleus and molecular shape B. neutrons and atomic structure C. covalent/ionic bonds and the molecular structure D. pressure and atomic structure
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C. covalent/ionic bonds and the molecular structure
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You would expect a relatively cool, felsic (SiO) rich magma to flow like _____ and be _____. A. water, non-explosive B. syrup, explosive C. syrup, non-explosive
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B. syrup, explosive
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Which statement below would be considered more accurate? A. High frequency waves cause little damage at the epicenter and die out quickly with distance. B. Low frequency waves travel great distance from the epicenter and do most damage far away. C. Low frequency waves influence the amount of damage that may occur far from the earthquake. D. High frequency waves cause damage at the epicenter and do considerable damage at distance.
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B. Low frequency waves travel great distance from the epicenter and do most damage far away.
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Lowering the pressure on a hot rock will allow it to melt by A. allowing the atoms to vibrate more freely B. allow the atoms to vibrate less freely C. increasing the nuclear bonding D. increasing the lenticular cascade bonding
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A. allowing the atoms to vibrate more freely
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Volcanism occurs 80% of the time at what type of plate boundary? A. convergent B. divergent C. transform d. hot spots
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B. divergent
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When a volcanic eruption is imminent, seismometers can detect the eruption because as A. plates move they have stick-slip properties that generate earthquakes B. rocks tumble down the mountain they can be recorded by seismometers C. magma moves it breaks rock generating earthquakes D. magma moves in a volcano it creates a harmonic tremor
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D. magma moves in a volcano it creates a harmonic tremor
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Many of the deaths at Mt. St. Helens on May 18th, 1980 were related to A. the earthquake that preceded the eruption B. people being overcome by thin basalt C. the ash fall hundreds of miles away D. the effects of a lateral blast
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D. the effects of a lateral blast
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Magma can be made more thick by A. increasing the temperature B. lowering the temperature C. adding more water D. modifying the ionic bonds
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B. lowering the temperature
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Violent volcanic eruptions are possible where? A. oceanic plates converge B. continental crust collides with continental crust C. the magma temperature decreases, while SiO2, water content and viscosity increase D. all of the above may be the answer
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C. the magma temperature decreases, while SiO2, water content and viscosity increase
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If you encounter a steep sided volcano, the lava that created the volcano was probably A. low temperature and felsic (SiO2) lava B. low viscosity and mafic magma C. high temperature and mafic lava D. high temperature and low viscosity
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A. low temperature and felsic (SiO2) lava
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On a dip-slip fault the movement is caused by a A. lateral force B. pushing or pulling force C. forces parallel to the fault plane
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B. pushing or pulling force
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The Cascade Range volcanoes (Mount Saint Helens) have formed as a result of A. subduction B. a hot spot C. a divergent plate boundary D. a continental-continental collision
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A. subduction
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Yellowstone is an example of a caldera. Hazards associated with this caldera are/is A. large ash falls and large volumes of lava B. potential loss of income from large eruptions C. a 50% chance of a large scale eruption D. 10,000 people dead from lava flows
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A. large ash falls and large volumes of lava
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Law of original horizontality states that sediments are A. originally deposited in vertical layers B. not deposited in horizontal layers C. originally deposited in horizontal layers D. originally deposited in banks
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C. originally deposited in horizontal layers
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Law of superposition states that in undeformed sequence of sedimentary rock layers each layer is A. older than the layer beneath it and younger than the layer above it B. younger than the layer beneath it and older than the layer above it C. smaller than the layer beneath it and bigger than the layer above it D. bigger than the layer beneath it and smaller than the layer above it
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B. younger than the layer beneath it and older than the layer above it
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Law of original continuity states that sediment layers are A. discontinuous, end only against a topographic high, pinch out from lack of sediment, or have a graduational change from one sediment to another B. continuous, end only against a topographic high, pinch out from lack of sediment, or have a sharp change from one sediment to another C. continuous, end only against a topographic high, pinch out from lack of sediment, or have a graduational change from one sediment to another
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C. continuous, end only against a topographic high, pinch out from lack of sediment, or have a graduational change from one sediment to another
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An example of a dip-slip fault is shown below in A or B. A is two large blocks moving past each other diagonally, B is two rectangles on top of each other, one moving left and the other moving right.
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A.
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When an earthquake moves along the strike and the slip occurs at a bend the result is A. a zone of compression forms that causes mountain building B. nothing happens C. a zone of tension forms that causes the ground to open D. A & C
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D. A & C
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Earthquakes in the eastern United States are felt more because A. the rocks are harder in the east B. there are less cracks or faults in the east C. earthquakes are bigger in the eastern United States d. A and B are correct
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D. A and B are both correct
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Why are there earthquakes in the New Madrid seismic zone? A. There are no earthquakes in the New Madrid seismic zone B. There is a failed rift associated with the seismicity in the New Madrid Seismic Zone C. Water from the Mississippi River lubricates the faults in the New Madrid Seismic Zoe D. Sediments from the Cretaceous seaway generate the earthquakes
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B. There is a failed rift associated with the seismicity in the New Madrid Seismic Zone.
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Mercalli intensity scale was developed to quantify what people _____ during an earthquake. A. think and see B. see and feel C. feel and think D. feel and understand
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B. see and feel
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Liquefaction is a process by which: A. earth-saturated sediment temporarily retain strength and acts as a fluid B. water-saturated sediment temporarily gain strength and acts as a solid C. water-saturated sediment temporarily loses strength and acts as a fluid D. beer-saturated students temporarily loses consciousness and acts like a fool
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C. water-saturated sediment temporarily loses strength and acts as a fluid
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We use the Modified Mercalli Scale to predict ground motion for pre-seismometer earthquakes A. by traveling back and setting seismometers and seeing how people behave B. you cannot correlate the Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale and ground motion C. by correlating peak ground motion from seismometers and recent Modified Mercalli Intensity observations D. using the Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale to calculate motions and add these to the peak ground motion
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C. by correlating peak ground motion from seismometers and recent Modified Mercalli Intensity observations
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After an earthquake A. stay calm B. check for injuries C. listen to emergency personnel D. all of these
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D. all of these
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At a divergent boundary you would expect to see A. great earthquakes and voluminous volcanic eruptions B. no earthquakes and no volcanism C. small earthquakes and voluminous volcanic eruptions D. small earthquakes and little volcanism
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C. small earthquakes and voluminous volcanic eruptions
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At a transform boundary you would expect to see A. earthquakes greater than 9 and deadly volcanoes B. large volcanoes and little if any earthquakes C. tectonic plates moving past each other D. tectonic plates moving towards each other
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C. tectonic plates moving past each other
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An earthquake's shaking intensity is described by the A. Richter scale B. moment magnitude scale C. acceleration of gravity D. modified Mercalli scale
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D. modified Mercalli scale
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The place on the Earth's surface, directly above where earthquake rupturing begins is called the A. focus B. hypocenter C. epicenter D. shopping center
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C. epicenter
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In what type of wave do particles move perpendicular to the direction the wave is traveling? A. s-wave B. p-wave C. tsunami wave D. wind-blown wave
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A. s-wave
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Which type of body wave is the fastest? A. love waves B. p-waves C. tsunami waves D. s-waves
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B. p-waves
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In the event of an earthquake, damage to buildings can be minimized by A. following older building codes B. creating wide open spaces on the bottom floor C. building a structure on base isolators D. building a structure on soft soils
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C. building a structure on base isolators
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What type of wave does not travel through liquids? A. s-wave B. p-wave
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A. s-wave
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Earthquakes A. only occur on plate boundaries B. can't be predicted C. are rapid onset D. are easily mitigated
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C. are rapid onset
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There is abundant volcanism at divergent boundaries. Why? A. divergent boundaries sit above hot asthenosphere B. a high SiO2, high volatile magma is close to the surface C. the thick magma allows for easy escape of gases and peaceful fluid eruptions
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A. divergent boundaries sit above hot asthenosphere
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When waves pass from harder to softer rocks, they A. slow down B. must increase their amplitude in order to carry the same amount of energy C. move faster D. must decrease their amplitude in order to carry the same amount of energy
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B. must increase their amplitude in order to carry the same amount of energy
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What can be done to reduce the vulnerability of dam/power plant facilities in east Tennessee? A. reduce the hazard by removing dams B. reduce the vulnerability by removing seismometers C. mitigate the damage by developing evacuation plans D. throw out all the politicians and replace them with people who really know what they are doing
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C. mitigate the damage by developing evacuation plans
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Flood basalts are the largest volcanic events known on Earth and A. happen on a geologically long time B. differ from hot spots that last only a few years C. can indirectly have global effects as huge amounts of gases are released into the atmosphere D. are really something made up by a lunatic professor desperate for questions
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C. can indirectly have global effects as huge amounts of gases are released into the atmosphere
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The 1980 Sharpsburg, Bath County earthquake in Northeast Kentucky was the result of A. tectonic plates shifting on a divergent boundary B. stresses reactivating faults in a failed rift C. tectonic plates moving on a failed ridge D. reactivating faults associated with a subduction zone
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B. stresses reactivating faults in a failed rift
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Velocity of seismic wave depends on the material it is moving through. It moves A. slower through hard rocks B. slower through soft rocks C. faster through soft rock
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B. slower through soft rocks
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Large volcanic eruptions can increase vulnerability by A. injecting large amounts of CO2 into the atmosphere thus warming the planet B. blocking the sun thus causing abnormal weather patterns C. sending tons of ash into the atmosphere lowering global temperatures D. all of these above are correct
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D. all of these above are correct
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If water is put into a magma system by _____ it will cause rocks to melt at a lower temperature. A. seeping into the curst from rivers and lakes B. draining into divergent boundaries C. being carried down into subduction zones in the sediments D. deep well injection
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B. draining into divergent boundaries
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An earthquake's magnitude is measured using the A. Richter scale B. moment magnitude C. Mercalli intensity scale D. frequency period
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B. moment magnitude
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The one thing that will NOT cause rock to melt is A. raising pressure B. raising temperature C. increasing water content D. decreasing pressure
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A. raising pressure
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If you moved to a region of the Earth located near a subduction zone you might expect A. small earthquakes, peaceful volcanoes B. large earthquakes, peaceful volcanoes C. large earthquakes, explosive eruptions D. no earthquakes, explosive eruptions
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C. large earthquakes, explosive eruptions
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At a convergent boundary with continental-continental crust colliding you would see A. violent explosive volcanoes B. slightly explosive volcanoes C. very little volcanism
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C. very little volcanism
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The risk of tsunami can be reduced by A. stopping plate tectonics B. initiating warning systems C. removing people from coastlines D. the risk of a tsunami cannot be reduced
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D. the risk of a tsunami cannot be reduced
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Earthquake-induced tsunami is most likely to occur on a _____ A. divergent boundary B. transform boundary C. convergent boundary D. cold day in Hell
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C. convergent boundary
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Tsunamis are created most often by earthquakes, by a _____ shift of the ocean floor that offsets a water mass A. vertical B. sideways C. transform D. horizontal
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A. vertical
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A _____ morphology or shape of a coast line increases the amount of damage from tsunami. A. steep B. shallow C. vertical D. A&C
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D. A&C
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What is the theory of plate tectonics?
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The theory of plate tectonics states that Earth's outermost layer is fragmented into a dozen or more large and small plates that are moving relative to one another as they ride atop hotter, more mobile material.
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Swelling of soil is caused by all but which of the following? A. freezing soil with a high percentage of void space B. wetting of soil rich in clay materials C. heating by the sun D. wetting a soil composed of loose quartz sand
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D. wetting a soil composed of loose quartz sand
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The materials most commonly associated with landslides are A. clay minerals B. quartz C. granite D. basalt
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A. clay minerals
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Soil shrinkage occurs when soil does all but which of the following? A. thaws B. dries C. cools D. freezes
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D. freezes
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Many hill-slope masses are weak due to preexisting geologic conditions such as A. ancient slide surfaces B. rock layers with a steep slope C. structures within the rocks, such as fractures, ancient faults, and thin clay seams D. all of these choices are correct
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D. all of these choices are correct
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Triggers for mass movements include _____ A. heavy rains B. earthquakes C. thawing of frozen ground D. the construction projects of humans E. all of the choices are correct
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E. all of the choices are correct
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In Yosemite National Park in July 1996, a 162,000-ton mass of granite pulled away from a canyon wall then launched into the air for a 1,640-ft drop in an arcing trajectory, reaching a speed of 270 mph before hitting the valley floor. This event would best be classified as A. a fall B. a rotational slide C. creep D. subsidence
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A. a fall
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The stability of a hillslope is improved by _____ A. increasing the water in the material B. decreasing the weight of hillslope materials C. steepening the slope D. removing roots and ground plants
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B. decreasing the weight of hillslope materials
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_____ is an almost imperceptible downhill movement of soil and uppermost bedrock layers. A. subsidence B. landslide C. creep D. fall
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C. creep
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Over geologic time all slopes are inherently _____ A. unstable B. stable C. A & B D. neither A or B
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A. unstable
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_____ is derived from the physical and chemical weathering of the flat-lying limestone and shale of the bedrock that drapes the hill sides in the vicinity of Northern Kentucky and Cincinnati. A. Kope B. Colluvium C. curtains
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B. colluvium
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Humans cause landslides by _____ mass high on a slope, _____ mass from base of slope. A adding, adding B. removing, adding C. adding, removing D. removing, removing
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C. adding, removing
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Some sinkholes can suddenly appear at the surface when A. the land surface is changed, such as when industrial and runoff-storage ponds are created B. natural water-drainage patterns are left unchanged C. ground-water pumping and construction and development practices are banned
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A. the land surface is changed, such as when industrial and runoff-storage ponds are created
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Identify the types of slides below. A. rotational B. translational. 13 is a perfect diagonal line with stuff moving down it, 14 is diagonal, then a half-circle in the hillside, then diagonal again
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13 B. translational 14 A. rotational
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The _____ can trigger an underground collapse of supporting material in a sinkhole. A. introduction of waste B. removal of homes C. increase in CO2 D. addition of surface material
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D. addition of a surface material
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The soils that cover some sinkholes can be kept in place by the A. water above the ground pushing on the soils B. soil below ground level on the sinkhole C. ground water pushing up on the soils and supporting them
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C. ground water pushing up on the soils and supporting them
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Ground-water _____ can produce new sinkholes if it results in a _____ of ground-water levels. A. pumping, lowering B. introduction, raising C. pumping, raising D. contamination, reduction
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A. pumping, lowering
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Sinkholes in Kentucky are usually formed on _____ as _____ dissolves and enlarges openings. A. limestone, groundwater B. sandstone rock, groundwater C. clay, solvents D. limestone, magma
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A. limestone, groundwwater
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_____ makes rain water slightly acidic. A. H2O B. H2SO4 C. C12H11O4 D. CO2
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D. CO2
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Sinkhole flooding occurs when _____ exceeds the drainage capacity of a sinkhole. A. stream flow B. stormwater runoff C. dissolution of Karst D. infiltration
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B. stormwater runoff
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Because of the Coriolis effect, if you are in an airplane at the geographic north pole and fly in a straight line towards Chicago you will _____ A. eventually fly directly over Chicago B. pass hundreds of miles east of Chicago C. pass hundreds of miles west of Chicago D. it is impossible to tell from the info given
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C. pass hundreds of miles west of Chicago
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Ascending air at the equator and descending air around 30 degrees North and S latitudes create air circulation routes known as _____ A. the semi-troposphere B. Hadley cells C. westerly winds D. a Subtropical High Pressure Zone
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B. Hadley cells
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How do sinkholes in western Kentucky develop? A. they form out of thin air B. dissolution of limestone by weakly acid water C. dissolution of sandstone by weakly basic water D. there are no sinkholes in Kentucky
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B. dissolution of limestone by weakly acid water
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What latitude receives the most solar radiation? A. 0 degrees B. 30 degrees C. 60 degrees D. 90 degrees
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A. 0 degrees
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At what latitude does air sink and produce deserts? A. 0 degress B. 30 degrees C. 60 degrees D. 90 degrees
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B. 30 degrees
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Warm air A. sinks below cold air B. is more dense than cold air C. holds more moisture than cold air D. holds less moisture than cold air
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C. holds more moisture than cold air
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What natural feature has protected the Louisiana coast for decades? A. No protection was ever present B. River channels C. Soil deposited in the Gulf D. Marshes and wetland bogs
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D. Marshes and wetland bogs
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Gravity attracts everything with ______ towards the _____ of the Earth. A. weight, outer limits B. mass, edge C. water, center D. mass, center
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D. mass, center
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Contamination spreads rapidly through the groundwater in karst areas because A. the thick soils do not allow bacteria to clean the water as it passes through B. the thin soils do not allow bacteria to clean the water as it passes through C. contamination is not a problem in Karst areas D. who cares it is mostly in Western Kentucky and they deserve it
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B. the thin soils do not allow bacteria to clean the water as it passes through
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Weathering is classified into which of the following categories? A. mechanistic and compositional B. mechanical and physical C. chemical and mechanical D. organic and inorganic
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C. chemical and mechanical
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The formation of hurricanes affecting North America begins with A. a tropical wave in the North Pacific B. a tropical wave forming off the coast of West Africa C. a high pressure in the Gulf of Mexico D. a frontal boundary moving from north to south
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B. a tropical wave forming off the coast of West Africa
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Chemical weathering is most effective in which combination of climate conditions? A. cold and arid B. warm and humid C. warm and arid D. humid and seasonal
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D. humid and seasonal
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Some ways in which organisms contribute to mechanical weathering are A. creating chemicals to alter the rocks B. throwing them at each other C. burrowing/particle mixing/root wedging/reduction of particle size D. supply needed nutrients
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C. burrowing/particle mixing/root wedging/reduction of particle size
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An important physical property about water that makes it unique among liquids A. it increases in volume when it freezes B. it decreases in volume when it freezes C. its volume remains the same when it freezes D. it keeps beer cold
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A. it increases in volume when it freezes
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Why is this property important in the weathering of rocks? A. The decreasing volume creates pressures breaking rocks and minerals into smaller pieces B. What are you nuts? Water has absolutely nothing to do with weathering. C. The expanding volume creates pressures breaking rocks and minerals into smaller pieces D. The expanding volume creates pressures chemically changing rocks and minerals
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C. The expanding volume creates pressures breaking rocks and minerals into smaller pieces
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The _____ is (are) the ultimate source of energy for weather, climate and disasters. A. stars radiations B. emissions of a volcano C. earth's core D. Moon E. Sun
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E. Sun
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Strictly speaking _____ is (are) an agent of the distribution of the energy on the Earth's surface. A. Hadley cells B. The Coriolis effect C. time D. gravity
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D. gravity
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Which is an example of the short-term processes of weather? A. tornadoes B. droughts C. floods D ice ages E. heat waves
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A. tornadoes
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Polar regions receive _____ solar radiation making them _____. A. less, colder B. more, colder C. less, warmer D. more, warmer
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A. less, colder
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Solar radiation reaches Earth at _____. A. short wavelength B. medium wavelength C. medium long wavelength D. long wavelength E. very long wavelength
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A. short wavelength
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About 95% of _____ re-radiated heat is trapped A. short wavelength B. medium wavelength C. medium long wavelength D. long wavelength E. very long wavelength
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D. long wavelength
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Greenhouse gasses are an important part of the Earth's energy budget because they _____. A. come from natural sources B. regulate the Earth's temperature C. regulate the Earth's water supply. D. come from human sources
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B. regulate the Earth's temperature
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How is the Earth's surface important to us as a species? A. if it is too hot the Earth's surface becomes a desert and we die B. if it is too cold we freeze and die C. if it is too hot the ice melts and we drown D. if it is too cold the water freezes E. all of the above
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E. all of the above
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Which of the following does NOT tend to increase the stability of a slope? A. decreasing slope angle B. diverting drainage from the slope C. maintaining or planting vegetation D. building houses to cover the slope E. building a retaining wall at the base of the slope
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D. building houses to cover the slope
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The best mitigation strategy for building in a flood plain is to A. raise the house above the 100 year flood level B. be sure and have flood insurance C. not build there D. construct levees to hold back the water
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C. not build there
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Match these from left to right: 1. soil creep and terrace formation occurs at 2. appreciable slope wash and lateral movement of soil and water occurs at 3. re-deposition by mass movement and some surface wash occurs at 4. mass movements; rotational and translational slides, slumps, and creep occurs at 5. rock falls and slides occurs at
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2. appreciable slope wash and lateral movement, 1. soil creep and terrace formation, 5. rock falls and slides occurs at 4. mass movements; rotational and translational slides, slumps, and creep 3. re-deposition by mass movement and some surface wash
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