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59 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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internal resistance to flow
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viscosity
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something with low viscosity is
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more fluid
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something with high viscosity is
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thicker
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something with a higher temperature has a _____ viscosity
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lower (think that heat makes things more runny, like when you heat chocolate)
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something with a _____ temperature has a lower viscosity
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higher
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the more SiO magma has, the _____ the viscosity. Why?
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higher (something that has more SiO will be thicker); because of bonding -- predominantly covalent bonding
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the _____ SiO magma has, the higher the viscosity. Why?
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more; because of bonding -- predominantly covalent bonding
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Why does SiO magma have a higher viscosity?
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due to the type of bonding; SiO magma has a predominantly covalent type of bonding
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What three things will cause a rock to melt?
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1. ) lowering pressure, 2.) raising temperature, 3.) increasing water content
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What is the most common way to melt rock?
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decompression melting
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lowering pressure, RAISING TEMPERATURE, and increasing water content are three things that will cause what?
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a rock to melt
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When you put water into magma, it will cause what? Why?
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rocks to melt at a lower temperature; because water provides an additional agent to break chemical bonds/it interferes with other molecules
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instruments used to detect earthquake waves
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seismometers
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water put into a magma system will cause rocks to melt at a _____ temperature/shift the melting curve to the _____
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lower; left
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after the 1980 magnitude 5.1 earthquake at Mount St. Helens, _____ people were killed or are still missing
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57
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how can magma made be more thick?
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as magma rises to the surface, it can incorporate pieces of rock through which it passes called INCLUSIONS
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as magma rises to the surface, it can be made more thick by incorporating pieces of rock through which it passes called _____
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inclusions
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violent volcanic eruptions are possible where? Why?
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subduction zones; because magma is generated by the melting of a subducting plate with water in it, melting the crust to produce magma with different composition, leading to a an increase in SiO2, viscosity, and water content
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violent volcanic eruptions are possible where?
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subduction zones
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subduction zones are where what happens?
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violent volcanic eruptions
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steep-sided volcanoes such as _____ have a much _____ hazard level
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scoria cones; higher
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_____ are caused by a pushing or pulling force
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dip-slip faults
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dip-slip faults are caused by
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a pushing or pulling force
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where the dominant force is extensional (pushing away), a _____ fault occurs when the hanging wall moves _____ relative to the footwall, and a _____ results
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normal; down; zone of omission
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where the dominant force is compressional (pushing together), a _____ fault occurs where the hanging wall moves _____ relative to the footwall, and a _____ results
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reverse; up; zone of repetition
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states that sediments are originally deposited in horizontal layers; if something is not horizontal layers, you can surmise that something has caused them to move such as an earthquake or plate tectonics
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law of original horizontality
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states that in undeformed sequences of sedimentary rock layers, each layer is younger than the layer beneath it and older than the layer above it
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law of superposition
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states the sediment layers are continuous and end only (1.) against a topographic high, (2.) by pinching out from a lack of sediment, or (3.) by a graduational change from one sediment to another
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law of original continuity
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law of original horizontality
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states that sediments are originally deposited in horizontal layers; if something is not horizontal layers, you can surmise that something has caused them to move such as an earthquake or plate tectonics
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law of superposition
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states that in undeformed sequences of sedimentary rock layers, each layer is younger than the layer beneath it and older than the layer above it
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law of original continuity
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states the sediment layers are continuous and end only (1.) against a topographic high, (2.) by pinching out from a lack of sediment, or (3.) by a graduational change from one sediment to another
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the Modified Mercalli Scale was developed to
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quantify what people FEEL during an earthquake
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the _____ was developed to quantify what people feel during an earthquake
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Modified Mercalli Scale
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When is the Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale used?
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for earthquakes before instrumentation or current earthquakes in areas without instrumentation
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an earthquake's shaking intensity is described by the
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Modified Mercalli Scale
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when waves pass from harder rock to softer rocks, they
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slow down
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the velocity of a seismic wave depends on what?
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the material it is moving through
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a wave will move _____ through hard rocks and _____ through soft rocks; you must therefore increase their _____ in order for them to carry the same amount of energy
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faster; slower; amplitude
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as something goes from a faster medium to a slower medium, _____ increases
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amplification
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a process by which water-saturated sediment temporarily loses strength and acts as a fluid; it can be caused by what?
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liquefaction; earthquake shaking
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the largest volcanic events known on Earth
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flood basalts
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flood basalts have a _____ viscosity, _____ volatiles, and _____ volume
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low; low; very large
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can have global effects since large amounts of gases are released into the atmosphere, possibly causing mass extinctions as in Siberia or India
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flood basalts
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at a divergent boundary you would expect to see
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a normal fault
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at a convergent boundary you would expect to see
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a reverse/thrust fault
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at a transform boundary you would expect to see
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a strike-slip fault
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_____ cause MUCH damage at the epicenter but DIE OUT QUICKLY the further away you go from the epicenter
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high frequency waves
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high frequency waves cause _____ damage at the epicenter and _____ the further you go from the epicenter
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much; die out quickly
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_____ travel great distances from the epicenter and do most damage farther away
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low frequency waves
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low frequency waves travel _____ from the epicenter and do most of their damage _____
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great distances; farther away
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the 1980 Sharpsburg, Bath County earthquake in Northeast Kentucky was what magnitude? what intensity?
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magnitude 5.03; intensity VII; the strongest earthquake in the history of Kentucky
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after an earthquake
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be calm, check for injuries, be ready for AFTERSHOCKS, STAY AWAY FROM BUILDINGS, listen to emergency workers, and watch out for hazards like broken glass, fire, slippery surfaces, and downed power lines
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Why are there earthquakes in the New Madrid seismic zone?
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basically because of the REELFOOT RIFT, which is a "failed rift" and a system of deep faults covered in a thick blanket of soft sediments. Today these faults which were formed by stretching apart the Earth's crust are being squeezed by plate tectonic forces and are the source for most of the region's significant earthquakes
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Why are earthquakes in the eastern United States felt more?
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mostly because of plate boundaries; there are a lot of faults in California so s- and p-waves do not propagate as much; in addition, the bedrock of California is fractured, whereas in the New Madrid area it is solid so waves propagate more and retain their energy
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there are _____ faults in California so s- and p-waves do not propagate as much; in addition, the bedrock is California is _____, whereas in the New Madrid area it is more _____
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a lot/many; fractured; solid
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a QUANTITATIVE value related to the AMOUNT OF ENERGY RELEASED ALONG A FAULT
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magnitude
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a qualitative measure of what people FELT at various distances
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intensity
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_____ remains the same no matter where you are, but _____ will change
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magnitude; intensity
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Cascade Range volcanoes (Mount Saint Helens) formed as a result of
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a convergent boundary/Juan de Fuca plate subducting underneath the North American plate
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