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296 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the eight parts of the scientific method?
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(1.) make OBSERVATIONS, (2.) statement of a QUESTION or problem, (3.) formulate a HYPOTHETICAL answer to the question, (4.) design EXPERIMENTS to test answers, (5.) establish PROCEDURES that are **repeatable**, (6.) COLLECT DATA, (7.) ANALYZE DATA, (8.) make CONCLUSIONS
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Earth's crust is _____
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solid
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The mantle is _____
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liquid
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the potential threat to humans and the things they value
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hazard
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things like fires and floods are _____ until they became _____ when they interact with humans and the things they value
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neutral; hazards
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the REALIZATION of a hazard with widespread losses (think big/a large effects)
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disaster
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the PROBABILITY of an event occurring or the likelihood of a hazard happening
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risk
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there is an _____ between frequency and magnitude
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inverse correlation
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how often something occurs
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frequency
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how big an event is
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magnitude
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frequent occurrences are _____ in magnitude, while rare occurrences are _____ in magnitude
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low; high
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small-scale activity is _____ while big events are _____
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common; rare
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the larger the event, the longer the return period for that event; also known as a _____
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recurrence interval
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the POTENTIAL for loss
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vulnerability
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What are the three kinds of vulnerability?
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individual (homes, offices), social/socioeconomic (the average income of an area affects the recovery from an event), and biophysical (can map the exposure to hazards)
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involves making plans and taking action to REDUCE VULNERABILITY
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mitigation
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building earthquake-resistant communities, not building in a floodplain, placing rafter ties on roof trusses, and establishing ordinances and buildings codes are all examples of what?
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mitigation
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in the study of hazards, _____ matters
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place
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True or false? Hazards are limited to natural causes.
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false (think of blackouts, chernobyl, etc.)
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extreme events of natural phenomenon acting at the high end of the energy scale for a short time in a restricted area
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natural disaster
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extreme events of natural phenomenon acting at the high end of the energy scale for a short time in a restricted area
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natural disaster
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there is a _____-shaped curve caused by the largest natural disasters
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sawtooth
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What kind of natural disaster is responsible for the most deaths?
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hurricanes
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Name the order in which natural disasters are responsible for human fatalities.
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(1.) hurricanes, (2.) earthquakes, (3.) floods, (4.) severe weather, (5.) landslide, (6.) volcanic eruptions, (7.) tornadoes, (8.) tsunamis
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Most mega-killer disasters occur where?
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in the densely populated belt through Asia along the Indian Ocean
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the number of fatalities in an area is proportional to _____
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the density of population
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What are some effects on the survivors of natural disasters?
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an increase in suicides, economic loss, and social upheaval
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How is economic loss related to natural disasters?
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Natural disasters cause destruction and damage to structures as well as a loss of productivity and wages
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There has been a(n) _____ in economic losses due to natural disasters; this is due to _____ and _____
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increase; an increase in human population and urbanization
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the most expensive events are caused by natural disasters occurring where?
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the United States, Europe, and Japan
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There was a flat population curve until 8,000 years ago; what caused the population curve to increase?
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agriculture established and the domestication of animals
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By 2,000 years ago, the population grew to over 200 million people; why?
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there was better shelter and food and water supplies allowed a faster population growth
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The projected population of the world by 2012 is what?
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7 billion
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Ultimately, why does it seem as if disasters are more of a factor today?
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There are more people, with more expensive stuff, living in more hazardous places.
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the amount of people that Earth can support; this amount varies considerably
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carrying capacity
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increasing amounts of food can be produced, and people can migrate from areas of famine and poverty to less crowded or wealthier areas, but Earth's resources are finite, so solutions are temporary; this is an example of _____
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carrying capacity
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LOOK OVER RAPA NUI/EASTER ISLAND IN THE BOOK; REMOVE THIS FLASHCARD WHEN DONE
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LOOK OVER RAPA NUI/EASTER ISLAND IN THE BOOK; REMOVE THIS FLASHCARD WHEN DONE
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the _____ states that the Earth's outermost layer is fragmented into a dozen or more large and small plates that are moving relative to one another as they ride atop hotter, more mobile material
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the theory of plate tectonics
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What does the theory of plate tectonics state?
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The theory of plate tectonics states the Earth's outermost layer is fragmented into a dozen or more large and small plates that are moving relative to one another as they ride atop hotter, more mobile material
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What is the theory of plate tectonics broken down?
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The theory of plates tectonics states that (1.) the Earth's outermost layer (2.) is fragmented into a dozen or more large and small plates (3.) that are moving relative to one another (4.) as they ride atop hotter, more mobile material.
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the concept of continental drift is a _____
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hypothesis
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the concept of plate tectonics is a _____
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theory
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a _____ is something tentative but is the best we can do with the information that we have
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theory
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Earth is a _____, _____ system
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complex, integrated
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atmospheric pressure is _____ at sea level
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greater
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The sun and the moon both exert a gravitational pull; which one exerts more of a pull and why?
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the moon because it is closer to Earth
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_____ energy radiates from the sun
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electromagnetic
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Earth's gravity causes a _____ pull
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downard (so water, ice, and rocks move downhill)
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What are four energy sources that fuel Earth processes?
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IMPACT of extraterrestrial bodies (asteroids and comets), GRAVITY (pulls glaciers and causes landslides), Earth's INTERNAL HEAT (flows from interior to the surface and fuels plate tectonics), and the SUN (causes evaporation of water which falls back down on streams)
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Name the four energy sources that fuel Earth's processes
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the impact of extraterrestrial bodies, gravity, Earth's internal heat, and the sun
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Heat flows from the _____ to the _____
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interior; surface
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the attraction between objects
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gravity
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when two bodies attract each other with a force directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them
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gravity
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The _____'s gravitational pull on Earth is _____ times that of the _____
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sun; 170; moon (this contradicts other info but is probably correct since it's typed up by him most likely)
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_____ adds to the energy budget of Earth; specifically, _____ is generated by the gravity between the Earth, sun, and the moon
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gravity; tidal energy
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What causes tides?
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the differences in gravitational pull from one part of Earth to another
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The sun's pull is _____ and causes _____ tides
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uniform; small
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The moon's pull is _____ on the facing side rather than the opposite side
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greater
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_____ are greater than _____ tides
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moon tides; sun
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Name four things that tidal motions within the Earth cause.
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1.) Earth and moon's ROTATIONS SLOW DOWN, 2.) the Earth and moon MOVE FARTHER APART, 3.) DAYS BECOME LONGER, and 4.) years have FEWER days
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solid matter is _____
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anything that has mass and occupies space
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All matter is made up of _____
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elements
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What are the four ways that atoms bond together?
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Covalent (sharing), ionic (loaning), metallic (free flow), intermolecular (stick together)
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The atomic number is equal to the _____
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number of protons
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The atomic mass number is equal to _____
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the number of protons + neutrons
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_____ have a different atomic mass number
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isotopes
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different forms of elements with differing numbers of neutrons
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isotopes
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unstable isotopes that release energy through the decay process
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radioactive isotopes
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knowing the _____ of radioactive isotopes allows us to date rocks
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half-life
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Why are radioactive isotopes important?
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They give a basis for determining the age of the Earth.
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The solar system began as _____
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a rotating spherical cloud of gas, ice, dust, and debris
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How did the solar system begin?
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(1.) The solar system began as a rotating spherical cloud of gas, ice, dust, and debris. (2.) Gravitational attraction brought particles together into bigger and bigger particles (3.) The cloud contracted, sped up, and flattened them into a disk, (4.) Formation of the sun
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How did the sun form?
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(1.) The greatest accumulation of matter (of H and He/hydrogen and helium) at the center of the disk, (2.) the temperature at the center increased to 1 million degrees centigrade, and (3.) nuclear fusion of hydrogen (H) and helium (He) began, producing solar radiation
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a nuclear fusion of _____ and _____ produces solar radiation
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H/hydrogen and He/helium
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the _____ is the center of our solar system
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sun
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the early planets (Mercury, Venus, Earth, etc.) are _____ planets while the later ones are _____ planets
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rock; gas. This makes sense because the heavier stuff is going to be more attracting and the lighter stuff is going to be on the outside. The as planets have easily evaporatable stuff on the outside, meaning if they got too close to the sun it would just sublime and go into the universe
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Orbits of Earth and other planets are nearly _____, so distance from the Sun does not cause Earth's seasons
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circular
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How did planets form?
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(1.) Rings of matter formed within disks, (2.) Particles continued to collide to form planets, (3.) The inner rocky planets (Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars) lost gas and liquid to solar radiation, while (4.) the outer planets retained this gas and are therefore known as gas planets
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How did the moon form?
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IMPACT GENERATED A MASSIVE CLOUD OF DUST (from Earth's crust and mantle) AND GAS THAT CONDENSED TO FORM THE MOON; the lightweight gases and liquids were lost to space. There is a lesser abundance iron in the moon from the Earth's core.
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There is a lesser abundance of iron from _____ in the moon
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the Earth's crust
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The core is the ____, and as you go further out density _____
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most dense; decreases/gets lighter
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The layers of the Earth are differentiated into _____
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layers of increasing density
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The core is rich in _____ and 7,000 km in diameter
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iron
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The inner core of the Earth is _____ and 2,450 km in diameter
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solid
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The outer core of the Earth is _____ and has viscous _____ that are responsible for the Earth's _____
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liquid; convection currents; magnetic field
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Surrounding the core is Earth's _____ that is 2,900 km thick
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mantle
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_____ have formed the crust, atmosphere, and oceans
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low-density elements
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Name the 8 layers of the Earth in order of most dense to least dense
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1.) inner core, 2.) outer core, 3.) mantle, 4.) lower mantle, 5.) asthenosphere, 6.) upper mantle, 7.) oceanic crust, 8.) continental crust
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Name the 8 layers of the Earth in order of least dense to most dense
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1.) continental crust, 2.) oceanic crust, 3.) upper mantle, 4.) asthenosphere, 5.) lower mantle, 6.) mantle, 7.) outer core, 8.) inner core
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the thickest layer of the Earth is the _____
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mantle
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What are the two types of crust?
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continental crust and oceanic crust
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the composition of the continental crust is similar to
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granite
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the composition of the oceanic crust is similar to
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basalt
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the upper mantle is composed of
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olivine
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the lower mantle has similar composition to the upper mantle but with _____ that form at very high pressures
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minerals
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the core consists of what?
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metallic iron and nickel
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between the lithosphere and the asthenosphere, the _____ is stronger while the _____ is weaker
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lithosphere (stronger), asthenosphere (weaker)
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the lithosphere is comprised of what three parts?
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continental crust, oceanic crust, and the uppermost strong part of the mantle
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What are the three types of deformation?
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elastic, ductile, and brittle
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This type of deformation is recoverable because the object returns to its original shape
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elastic
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This type of deformation is permanent and is caused by stress over a long time or at high temperatures
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ductile
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This type of deformation is permanent and is caused by stress applied very quickly, causing materials to shatter or break
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brittle
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The three types of deformation are considered with respect to _____ because over long periods, solids may behave as liquids, etc.
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time
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the asthenosphere is _____ and comes to the surface at mid-ocean ridges and causes _____
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plastic; volcanoes
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the _____ is plastic and comes to the surface at mid-ocean ridges and causes _____
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asthenosphere; volcanoes
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Earth is an _____, meaning that it is flattened during rotation like the Solar System was when it initially formed
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oblate spheroid
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Continents are able to "float" atop the mantle through the principles of _____
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isostasy
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Continents are able to "float" atop the _____ through the principles of isostasy
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mantle
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When less dense materials float on top of more dense materials, it is known as _____
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isostasy
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An iceberg floating in an ocean is an example of
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isostasy
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Earth is a series of _____ layers
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density-stratified
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Oceanic crust is _____ dense than continental crust
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more
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the relationship between crustal thickness and elevation is known as
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isostasy
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Why are some regions higher in elevation than others?
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because of isostasy; basically, the really dense materials are going to be lower, whereas less dense regions are going to be able to float more
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_____ explains most of the variations in elevation from one region to another
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isostasy
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Isostasy is affected by both the _____ and _____ of the crust
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thickness and density
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Impoundment of water in _____ behind Hoover Dam caused the area to _____ 175 mm over 15 years. Why?
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Lake Mead; sink. We added weight and added mass.
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Scandanavia is currently _____ because of _____. Why?
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rising; isostasy; it is because it had been depressed under the weight of ice sheets during the last Ice Age, since 10,000 years ago, but ground ruptures and earthquakes are present and a viking ship once buried was lifted above sea level.
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True or false? North America is rising.
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true
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The relationship between crustal thickness and density is known as
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isostasy
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How old is the Earth?
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4.54 billion years old
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The Earth is _____ years old
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4.54 billion
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To date a rock, you use _____ dating
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radiometric
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The oldest Solar System materials are _____ years old
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4.57 billion
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The oldest Earth rocks are _____ years old
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4.055 billion
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The oldest Earth materials are _____ years old
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4.4 billion
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What are three sources of internal Earth energy?
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1.) IMPACT ENERGY (from when a lot of smaller bodies hit the Earth early after its formation, converting energy of motion to heat) 2.) GRAVITATIONAL ENERGY (Earth pulled to smaller and denser material, causing gravitational energy to be released as heat), 3.) RADIOACTIVE ELEMENTS (unstable radioactive atoms decay and release heat)
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Why is heat from two internal sources of energy (what are they?) still flowing to the surface today?
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Heat conducts very slowly through rock.
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How do radioactive elements increase the amount of internal Earth energy?
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Unstable radioactive atoms decay and release heat.
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Unstable radioactive atoms _____
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decay and release heat
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The early Earth had a larger amount of _____, so there was a much _____ heat production than now.
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radioactive elements; greater
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The _____ from impacts, gravity, and radioactive elements (plus tidal friction) is very _____
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sum of internal energy; large
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Internal temperatures in the Earth have been _____ since the earlier Earth
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declining (but are still significant enough to cause plate tectonics, earthquakes, and volcanic eruptions)
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The heat flow from the _____ to the Earth is more than all other internal heat
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sun
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How does the sun affect the hydrologic cycle?
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The sun's heat EVAPORATES water as plants transpire water into the atmosphere; atmospheric moisture CONDENSES and PRECIPITATES
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_____ receive excess solar radiation
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equatorial regions
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in _____, radiation from the _____ returns to space
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polar regions; sun
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the _____ of the sun can cause ocean currents, winds, and a _____ of heat, which causes _____
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imbalance; transfer; STORMS
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What causes storms?
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A transfer of heat resulting from an imbalance of solar radiation.
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Approximately what percentage of Earth's water is in oceans?
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97.1%
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_____ in atmosphere holds, transports, and releases solar energy, distributing heat around the Earth
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water
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the distribution of energy around the Earth is called
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weather
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the distribution of energy around the Earth
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weather
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Weather is?
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the distribution of energy around the Earth
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When weather is bad, it is known as a _____
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disaster
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What is the dominant volcanic gas?
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water vapor
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Hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, sulfur, and chlorine nitrogen are examples of _____
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volcanic gases
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Oxygen, silicon, aluminum, iron, calcium, magnesium, sodium, and potassium are examples of _____
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volcanic rocks
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4.5 billion years of volcanism has brought light weight elements to the surface to make up what three things?
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(1.) continents, (2.) oceans, and (3.) the atmosphere
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Continental crust is mostly _____ because it is light and floats up here; the core is made up of heavier elements like iron, etc.
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silicates
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In order to understand the Earth, we must think in terms of _____ rather than human time
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geologic time
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In 1788, _____ introduced the concept of geologic time; stated that there was "no vestige of a beginning, no prospect of an end," meaning that everyday changes over millions of years add up to major results
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James Hutton
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Who stated that there was "no vestige of a beginning, no prospect of an end" to the Earth's changing?
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James Hutton
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The idea that natural laws are uniform throughout time and space is known as
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uniformitarianism
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Uniformitarianism means
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that natural laws are the same throughout all time and space; it doesn't matter when you jump off a chair, it will always have the same effect
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one of the main tenants of geology is
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uniformitarianism; natural laws are uniform through time and space
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Before uniformitarianism, the commonly held belief was _____, which was what?
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catastrophism; the idea that things happened really quickly instead of over time (think of Noah's flood)
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the current belief meaning that the rates of Earth's processes can vary
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actualism
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states that the rates of Earth's processes can vary
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actualism
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Scientific thinking and critical thinking are _____
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interchangeable
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Everyone thinks, but it is often _____
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biased (distorted, partial, uninformed, or prejudiced)
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quality of thought equals _____
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quality of life
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shoddy thinking is _____
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costly
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Excellence in thought must be _____
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systematically cultivated
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a mode of thinking in which the thinker improves the quality of his or her thinking by skillfully taking charge of the structures inherent in thinking and imposing intellectual standards upon them
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scientific thinking
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What is scientific thinking?
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a mode of thinking in which the thinker improves the quality of his or her thinking by skillfully taking charge of the structures inherent in thinking and imposing intellectual standards upon them; basically, THINKING ABOUT THE WAY YOU ARE THINKING
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Scientific thinking is _____, _____, _____, and _____ (SDMC)
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self-directed, disciplined, monitored, and corrective
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Scientific thinking assumes and agrees to _____
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rigorous standards
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Scientific thinking involves effective _____ and _____ abilities
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communication; problem-solving
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all scientific reasoning has a _____
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purpose (/reason/point/idea/principle)
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all scientific reasoning is an attempt to _____
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solve some scientific problem
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all scientific reasoning is based on _____
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assumptions
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when doing scientific reasoning, you should clearly identify your _____ and if they are _____
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assumptions; justifiable
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all scientific reasoning is done from some _____
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point of view (make sure it is scientific)
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scientific reasoning is based on SCIENTIFIC _____, _____, and _____
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data, information, and evidence
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all scientific reasoning is shaped by scientific _____ and _____
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concepts; theories
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scientific reasoning contains _____ or _____ by which we draw scientific _____
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inferences; interpretations; conclusions
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all scientific reasoning has _____ and _____
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implications; consequences
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What are the seven universal intellectual standards that are essential to sound scientific thinking?
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1.) CLARITY (elaborate further), 2.) ACCURACY (is it true?), 3.) PRECISION (specific details), 4.) RELEVANCE (is it connected to the question), 5.) DEPTH (are complexities addressed), 6.) BREADTH (consider other points of views), 7.) LOGIC (does it make sense?)
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In scientific/critical thinking, scientists use what type of information?
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Any information that can gathered systematically through observation and measurement.
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What are the four concepts that guide scientists' thinking?
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1.) physical world, 2.) hypothesis, 3.) experimentation, 4.) systematic observation
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What are the three key assumptions that scientists make?
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1.) There are LAWS at work in the physical world, 2.) Much about the physical world is still UNKNOWN, and 3.) Through science, the QUALITY OF LIFE on Earth can be ENHANCED
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The cure for diseases and the destruction of Earth's forests are examples of what?
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the implications of science
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Science enables us to replace mythological thinking with _____ and _____
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theories and principles
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From the scientific point of view, scientists look at the _____ and see _____
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physical world; phenomena
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Scientists see scientific study as vital to understanding the _____ and replacing myth with _____
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physical world; scientific knowledge
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Essentially, with critical thinking, we must do what?
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think about how we are thinking
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all science is defined by the use of the _____
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scientific method
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What are three things that science must be?
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Testable, tentative (not concrete), and falsifiable (something can be to show it is wrong)
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What are the eight steps of the scientific method?
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1.) observation, 2.) question, 3.) hypothesis, 4.) prediction (an if/then statement), 5.) experiment/observation, 6.) results of experiment/observation, 7.) conclusion/interpretation, 8.) revised hypothesis
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What are the two ways to attempt to prove a hypothesis?
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Experimental testing of hypothesis or seeking out observations supporting a hypothesis
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the scientific method is based upon systematic, objective _____
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collection of data/observations
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a suggested explanation for facts based on insights
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hypothesis
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What is a hypothesis?
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a suggested explanation for facts based on insight
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A hypothesis is tested with _____ and _____
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observations; experiments -- you reject hypotheses that are inconsistent with data and conditionally accept those that are consistent with data
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factors that influence processes
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variables
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in a _____ situation, two experiments are carried out in parallel; in one, all variables except _____ are kept constant and in the other the variable is not changed
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control; 1
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What are the two types of scientific research?
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basic research and applied research
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_____ extends the boundaries of scientific knowledge
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scientific research
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_____ is directed toward the scientific INDUSTRY
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applied research
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How is scientific work communicated?
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Through papers in scientific journals
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_____ are hypotheses that are often tested and never rejected that are supported by a great deal of evidence; their acceptance is most certain, but provisional
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scientific theories
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hypotheses that are often tested and never rejected, supported by a great deal of evidence, and accepted provisionally are known as
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scientific theories
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Why is the theory of evolution known as a theory?
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Because there is no evidence to disprove it; scientific evidence and critical thinking show it to be a hypothesis that has not been rejected after 148 years of rigorous investigation
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an early idea that people came up with to figure out some observations (dead plants, etc.) that said the continents were together
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the hypothesis of continental drift
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What was the problem with the hypothesis of continental drift/why didn't people believe it?
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They had trouble proving continents that big could move/the mechanism for the movement of continents could not be visualized
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_____ is responsible for observing the dead plants and land bridges within the realm of continental drift.
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Eduard Suess
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_____ came up with the continental drift hypothesis based on geological, paleontologic, and climatologic evidence (think that the guy who wrote Tristian + Isolde came up with the hypothesis of continental drift)
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Alfred Wegener
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What are five pieces of evidence for continental drift?
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1.) CONTINENTAL FIT (fit well together, best at 2,000 meters), 2.) ROCKS AND MOUNTAINS (similar types, same order, age, and style of deformation found on East coast of America and west coast of Africa, etc.) 3.) GLACIERS (move away from zone of formation), 4.) FOSSILS (glossopteris, animal and plants widely separated, mesosaurus and cynognathus lystrosaurus) 5.) PALEOMAGNETISM AND POLAR WANDER (poles look like they move, but either the poles or the continents had to move)
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What are the eight steps of scientific/critical thinking?
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1.) purpose, 2.) question, 3.) assumptions, 4.) point of view, 5.) data/information/evidence, 6.) concepts and theories, 7.) inferences/interpretations/conclusions, 8.) implications or consequences
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Suess discovered _____ flora, which was found on five separate landmasses, which proves they were connected at one time
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glossopteris
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True or false? The continents fit well together.
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True
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Continents fit well together, but _____ and _____ environments cause change
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erosional and depositional
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The best fit for the continents is at _____ bsl
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2,000
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_____ move away from the zone in which they are formed; _____ on rocks agree
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Glaciers; striations
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Paleomagnetism is also known as _____
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remnant magnetism
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The theory of continental drift stated that at one point _____ existed but are now submerged; recent data on the seafloor shows that these don't exist
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land bridges
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In order to explain continental drift, _____ was developed and widely accepted.
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the theory of plate tectonics
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the lithosphere moves _____
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laterally
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the _____ moves lterally
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lithosphere
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continents are set within _____ and ride along _____
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oceanic crust; plates
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The theory of plate tectonics did not come into acceptance until when?
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the 1980s
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the _____ is caused by iron-rich fluid movement
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magnetic field
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the magnetic field is caused by _____ fluid movement
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iron-rich
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When lava cools below 550 degrees Celsius, the atoms line up in the direction of _____
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Earth's magnetic field
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iron crystals act like _____
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little compasses (think of example with the magnets)
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Successive lava flows stack up one on top of another, each recording _____ at the time it formed
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the Earth's polarity
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Each lava flow can be _____ using radioactive elements
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dated
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When looking at the magnetization of volcanic rocks, the timing of reversals seems _____
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random
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magnetic patterns of the ocean floor were first observed in the _____; why are these patterns important?
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1940s (think WWII); it is important to the theory of plate tectonics
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magma injected into ocean ridges cools to form new rock that is imprinted with _____
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the Earth's magnetic field
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_____ occurs at mid-ocean ridges, where new oceanic crust is formed through volcanic activity and then gradually moves away from the ridge
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seafloor spreading
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when we heat water on the stove, we get _____ currents; this same thing happens in the Earth, where the _____ heats the _____ and causes the _____ to move
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convection; hot core; mantle; crust
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as things move apart, we are creating a _____
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spreading center
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What is the oldest age of oceanic crust we have? (MRAAAAHHHHHHHHH)
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jurassic
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What is the oldest age of oceanic crust we have?
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jurassic
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the youngest oceanic crust is adjacent to the _____ and its age _____ the further away from the ridge axis you go
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spreading ridges; increases
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Earthquake _____ outline plate boundaries
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epicenters
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Earthquake _____ around the world show earthquake activity that define the edges of the tectonic plates
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epicenters
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Oceanic _____ and deep _____ provide more evidence for the theory of plate tectonics
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mountain ranges; trenches
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Deep _____ offer more evidence for the theory of plate tectonics; they usually occur at depths of less than 25 km, but in the ocean they occur at depths of up to 700 km and are occurring in _____
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earthquakes; subducting plates
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One way of getting rid of excess crust is _____
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subducting plates
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the oldest rocks on the ocean floor are about _____ years old; this age of the ocean basins provides evidence for plate tectonics
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200 million
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hot spots in the _____ provide evidence for plate tectonics
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mantle
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with regard to sediment on the seafloor, it is _____ at mid-ocean ridges while it is _____ near trenches, providing more evidence for the existence of plate tectonics
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thin; thicker
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there has been a systematic _____ in seafloor depth because as oceanic crust cools it becomes _____ and sinks _____ into the mantle
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increase; more dense; lower
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the volcanic islands of Hawaii are formed from _____
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hot spots
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As we move away from the spreading center, things become (less/more) dense and it _____
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more; sinks
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spreading centers occur at _____ boundaries
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divergent
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Within plate tectonics, the _____ crust will go under because it has more sediments on it and is therefore more dense
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older
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Name some of the other evidence for plate tectonics
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(1.) Earthquake EPICENTERS OUTLINE PLATE BOUNDARIES, (2.) OCEANIC MOUNTAIN RANGES and DEEP TRENCHES, (3.) DEEP EARTHQUAKES, (4.) AGES from ocean BASINS, (5.) HOT SPOTS in the MANTLE, (6.) SEDIMENT on the SEAFLOOR, (7.) a systematic INCREASE IN SEAFLOOR DEPTH
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What are the three types of plate boundaries?
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convergent, divergent, and transform
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In a _____, plates are moving past each other
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transform boundary
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In a _____, plates are moving away from each other
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divergent boundary
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In a _____, plates are colliding and moving into each other
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convergent boundary
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Heavier stuff is **ALWAYS** going to go _____
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down
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When oceanic crust meets with oceanic crust, which one is going to go down?
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whichever is more dense
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When oceanic crust meets with continental crust, which one is going to go down?
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oceanic crust because it is heavier and therefore more dense
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When continental crust and continental crust meet, what happens?
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It is basically a mess because they are the same density
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If you have a thick crust, it is _____, which means it will _____ and crack, beginning to form an oceanic crust
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warmer; expand
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True or false? Hotspots do not move
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True
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Iceland is an example of a _____
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divergent boundary
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The North American Plate is pulling _____ away from the Eurasian plate, making it a _____
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westward; divergent (note the **away**)
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How are islands formed?
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When oceanic crust meets with oceanic crust, the heavier stuff goes down, and as it goes down a volcanic island forms from the rising magma generated from the subducting plate
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When one oceanic plate is subducted beneath another, what forms?
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an oceanic trench
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the islands of Japan are an example of an _____-_____ plate boundary
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oceanic-oceanic
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the Andes of South America are an example of an _____-_____ plate boundary
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oceanic-continental
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when an oceanic plate is subducted beneath a continental plate, a _____ is formed as a result of rising magma
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mountain range
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when two continental plates converge, _____ because _____. What is formed?
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neither is subducted because of their equal densities; a mountain range is formed in the interior of a new and larger continent
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the Himalayan mountains are an example of a _____-_____ plate boundary
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continental-continental (the Indian plate is smashing into the Asian plate so they just go straight into a peak basically)
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the majority of transform faults connect two _____
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oceanic ridge segments
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Why won't California ever float off into the ocean?
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Because it is not a divergent boundary but is instead a TRANSFORM boundary, meaning eventually Los Angeles will be next to San Francisco
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California is an example of a _____ boundary
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transform
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Yellowstone is an example of a _____
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hotspot
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the San Andreas fault is a _____ fault/boundary separating the _____ from the _____ plates
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transform; pacific; North American
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Where do earthquakes occur?
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along plate edges and faults
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Where do hurricanes form and why?
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Hurricanes form over the ocean and are a result of a large heat imbalance between Earth and its atmosphere
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What geological phenomena is responsible for the Hawaii islands?
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hotspot
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a portion of the Earth's surface that may be far from plate boundaries that experiences volcanoes due to rising hot rock in the mantle
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hotspot
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What is a hotspot?
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a portion of the Earth's surface that may be far from plate boundaries that experiences volcanoes due to rising hot rock in the mantle
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Between Atlantic and the Caribbean, which one is heavier?
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Atlantic, so it will be subducting
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The boundary between the Atlantic Ocean and the Caribbean is _____
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convergent
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Japan is what type of boundary?
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convergent
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Volcanoes often form at what type of boundary?
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convergent boundary
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earthquakes tell you they are more _____ near the _____ and get _____ and more _____
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shallow; subduction zone; deeper; brittle
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you can use _____ to determine which plate is subducting
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seafloor age
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Between Atlantic and the Caribbean, which one is heavier?
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Atlantic, so it will be subducting
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The boundary between the Atlantic Ocean and the Caribbean is _____
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convergent
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Japan is what type of boundary?
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convergent
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Volcanoes often form at what type of boundary?
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convergent boundary
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earthquakes tell you they are more _____ near the _____ and get _____ and more _____
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shallow; subduction zone; deeper; brittle
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you can use _____ to determine which plate is subducting
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seafloor age
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There are currently two competing hypotheses attempting to explain plate movement -- (1.) currents in the _____ and (2.) currents in the _____; it is most likely that it is caused by currents in the _____
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asthenosphere; mantle; mantle
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(1.) in the tectonic cycle, melted asthenosphere flows upward as _____ and cools to form _____ (lithsophere). This new _____ lithosphere then diverges from the zone of formation atop the _____; when this slab of oceanic lithosphere collides with another slab, older, colder, denser slab subducts under younger, hotter, less dense slab and the subducted slab is reabsorbed into the _____
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magma; ocean floor; oceanic; asthenosphere; mantle
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when new oceanic lithosphere diverges from the zone of formation atop the asthenosphere, it is known as
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seafloor spreading
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where is pressure going to be the greatest?
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the core, because more pressure is felt by things on the bottom
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