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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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3 stages cellular respiration
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produce ACoA
oxidize ACoA electron transfer |
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sources of ACoA
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amino acids (fumarate from uric acid cycle)
FA oxidation (ACoA dehydrogenase) glycolysis- PD |
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electron sources for ox phos
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glycolysis- 2 (plus 1 CO2)
FA ox- 1 Prot deg- 1 TCA- 4 (plus 2 CO2's) |
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FA store energy because...
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many reduced carbons
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componants of PD complex
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PD (w/TPP)
dihydrolipoyl transacetylase (w/lipoic acid) dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase (w/FAD) CoFactors: TPP (aka thiamine pyrophosphate)-site for activity Lipoic acid (lipollysine)-sulfur sites FAD- to (re)oxidize lipoic acid CoAsh NAD+ (reduced & sent to ETC) |
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characteristics of ACoA
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high energy
thioester linkage donor of acetate central compound in metabolism |
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products of Pyruvate Dehydrogenase reaction
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CO2, ACoA, 2 NADH
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intermediates in PD reaction
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acetyl dihydrolipoic acid
reduced lipoyllysine oxidized lipoyllysine |
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regulation of PD reaction during starvation
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kinase in muscle
-senses starvation -shuts PD down (prevent glycolysis) saves glucose for brain |
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regulation of PD reaction druing muscle work
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Kinase in muscle
-inhibited by ADP (if pyruvate avail) -keeps system on (b/c PO3 not removed) Phosphatase in musc -senses Ca & activate system |
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mitochondrial metabolism is ________ during exercize
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stimulated
kinase inhibited (by ADP) phosphatase activated (by Ca in mito) |
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products of TCA
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CO2, reduced e carriers, PO3, GTP
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reactions of TCA also used in...
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gluconeogenesis (OAA)
nitrogen metabolism (citrate) |
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inputs to TCA
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ACoA, 3NAD, FAD, GDP, Pi, H20
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products of TCA
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2CO2, 3 NADH, FADH, GTP, 2 H+, CoA
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substrates in TCA
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Citrate
cis-Aconitate alpha ketoglutarate succinyl CoA succinate Fumarate Malate OAA |
C(c)IA
SS FM (federal marshall) O(fficers) |
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products of TCA (how many for each glucose molecule)
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6 NADH
2 FADH 2 GTP (from 2 ACoA's) |
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# ATP per NADH
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3
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# ATP per GTP
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1
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# ATP per FADH2
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2
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catabolic function of TCA
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transfer electron pairs from ACoA to NAD & FAD
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anabolic functions of TCA
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Citrate- FA synth
alpha ketoglutarate (w/OAA)- aa synthesis Succinyl CoA- heme synthesis OAA- gluconeogenesis |
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sources for TCA intermediates
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ACoA- from FA oxidation, ketone utilization, glucolysis (PDh)
alpha ketoglutarate- aa degredation ketogenic aa's- lyseine & leucine |
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energy producing steps of TCA
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isocitrate Dh- NADH
malate Dh- NADH alpha KG Dh- NADH Succ Dh- FADH2 succynylCoA synth- GTP |
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componants of ETC
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Complex I- NADH electrons
CoQ- inner membrane (receives e's from I & II--& direct from FADH2 FACoA & alpha glycerol P-shuttle) Complex 2- outer membrane (succinate to fumarate-e's from FAD) Complex III (cyt B & C) complex IV (cyt a) |
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propulsion of e's in ETC driven by
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electrochemical gradient
F1/F0 ATPase as motor protein complexes pump H+ into intramemb space e's toward alkaline matrix chemiosmosis |
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chemiosmosis
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flow of e's in ETC
b/c proteins in complex pump H+ into intramembrane space F1/F0 ATPase collapses gradient |
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purpose of shuttles in ETC
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transfer e's from NADH & FADH2 into mito from cytosol
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2 shuttles in ETC
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Glycerol Phosphate
-reduces CoQ -NADH in cytosol -FAD/FADH2 in membrane -alpha Glycerol P dehydrogenase Malate/Aspartate |
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Malate/Aspartate shuttle
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Cyto:
-OAA to Malate (M Dh & NADH) -a KG returns from mito -also drives aspartate to glut Mito: -malate to OAA (via M DH & NAD+) -OAA to a KG drives gmate to aspartate (glut-oxaloacetic transaminase) -aspartate back to cyto |
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glycerol phosphate shuttle
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alpha glycerol phosphate Dh
(NADH to NAD+) Dihydroxyacetone P to alpha G P drives FAD/FADH2 in membrane reduces CoQ |
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F1 particles
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site of ATP production in mito
embedded in inner mito memb (facing matrix) |
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