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52 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is this disease chararacterized by inability to completely relax LES, aperistalsis, & Radiographically referred to as bird's beak?
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Achalasia
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What is this disease? It is characterized by Terminal ilitis, discontinuous, granulomatous inflammation throughout the bowel & contains Skip Lesions.
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Crohn's Disease
(bowel wall not contained to the tube, so it may get into the uterus or urinary bladder) |
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What is this disease? It is characterized by Increased Risk of Colon Cancer, Continuous inflamation, confined to the colon (may have backwash ilitis)
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Ulcerative Colitis
(Increased Risk of Colon Cancer) |
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What is this condition?
It is characterized by pouching out of mucosa through the GI tube wall. |
Diverticulum
(in class we referred to this in the intestines, but this is a good picture regardless) Diverticulosis = presence of diverticulae Diverticulitis is inflammation with faecaliths and stasis, risk of perforation and peritonitis |
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What are these?
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Polyps
Tubular Adenomas* & Villous Adenomas Extensions of the mucosa on all three sides & contains a fibrovascular core Tubular Adenomas have rounded glands and are precancerous (Adenomas are benign however may lead to adenocarcinomas) |
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What is this condition and what causes it?
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Hemorrhoids
Dilated blood vessels of the rectum Caused by: Pregnancy, sitting, constipation |
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What are these pictures of?
What are the characteristics of the disease? |
A. is a normal esophagus
B. Barrett's esophagus w/arrow pointing to granular zone C. Barrett's esophagus showing velvety red mucosa, note the pale appearance Characteristics include: 1. Metaplasia- squamous cells are replaced by columnar epithelium better suited to resist injury 2. Complication of reflux 3. Prolonged exposure to irritants |
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What is this condition and what is it associated with?
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Mallory-Weiss Tears
(longitudinal tears of the gastroesophageal junction) Usually associated w/violent retching. i.e. alcoholism, bulimia, chemotherapy |
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What is this condition and what causes it?
(The esophagus is turned inside out to show condition) |
Esophageal Varices
Caused by Dilated vessels due to portal hypertension. Commonly associated w/cirrhosis |
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What is this condition?
What is going on in this condition? What are the complications of this condition? |
Hiatal Hernia (Sliding & Rolling)
The diaphragmatic leaves separate and the stomach protrudes through the diaphragm, associated w/GERD Complications include: Ulcerations, Perforations, Esophagitis |
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What are the complications of Achalasia?
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Carcinoma & Candida Esophagitis
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What are 2 fairly common esophageal conditions resulting from alcoholism?
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1. Mallory-Weiss Tears
2. Varices |
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What condition causes scarring and narrowing of the lumen due to ingested caustic substances?
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Stricture
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What causes Esophagitis (inflammation of the esophagus)?
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1. Primarily Reflux
2. Infections 3. Radiation 4. Crohn's 5. Irritants (tannins, cigarettes, EtOH) |
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What is reflux?
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Heartburn caused by gastric juices (+ sometimes bile)
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What are some causes of reflux?
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1. Incompentent LES
2. Hiatal Hernia 3. Delayed gastric emptying |
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What are some factors that would predispose you to esophageal carcinoma?
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1. Drinking very hot tea
2. Tannins in tea 3. Smoking 4. Alcoholism 5. Lack of Green Veggies |
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What is Esophageal Adenocarcinoma?
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Carcinoma of esophageal glands
(strongly associated w/Barrett's Esophagus) |
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What are the components of acute gastritis?
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Acute = neutrophils
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What are the components of chronic gastritis?
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Chronic: Lymphocytes, plasma cells, intestinal metaplasia
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What is Acute Gastritis?
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Transient Neutrophilic Inflamation of the Stomach
Causes: NSAIDs, Alcohol, Smoking, Chemotherapy, Sepsis, Burns, Ischemia and shock, Cold (people frozen to death) |
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What is indicative of chronic gastritis?
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Chronic inflammatory cells above the basement membrane
Mucosal atrophy and epithelial metaplasia Development of carcinoma |
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What is the pathogenesis of Chronic Gastritis?
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H. Pylori*
Autoimmune Alcohol/tobacco Stomach surgery Radiation GVHD |
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What is the #1 causative agent in Peptic Ulcer Disease?
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H. Pylori
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What is a type of absorption disease in the small intestines?
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Celiac Sprue (loss of Villi so can't absorb food)
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What is Ischemic Bowel Disease?
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Dead necrotic bowel caused by atherosclerosis interupting blood supply
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What are some causes of diarrhea?
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Infection (shigella, salmonella, Giardia, Cryptosporidium in AIDS pts)
Lactose intolerance Pseudomembranous colitis (C-Diff) Antibiotics |
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What are some types of Inflammatory Bowel Disease?
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Crohn's disease
Ulcerative Colitis Dysentery Collagenous Colitis |
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What is the incidence of cancer for people who have Familial Polyposis Coli?
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100% incidence of cancer
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What is important regarding anemia in male or post-menopausal women?
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Adenocarcinoma of the Colon
Anemia in male or post-menopausal women is GI malignancy until proven otherwise |
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*What is the normal functions of the Gall Bladder?
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1. Storage of bile
2. Digestion of fats 3. Excretion of drugs (opiates are excreted through people's bile) |
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What do sickle cell anemia patients all have in addition?
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Pigmented gall stones
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In the Zones of Rappoport, which zone will be killed off first from too much tylenol?
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Zone III
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What causes disruption of the reticulin framework?
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Cirrhosis
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Can Hepatitis B cause hepatocellular carcinoma?
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Yes
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**What are the properties of Hepatitis D?
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Dane particle
Incompetent virus Needs Hepatitis B coinfection Worse prognosis |
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Who is at risk for hepatitis?
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Health care workers
IVDA Sex workers Being born of an infected mother |
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What pathology is being described?
Hobnailed liver, long-term inflammation, destruction of the reticulin framework, Regeneration of hepatocytes, Scar tissues, Portal hypertension |
Cirrhosis
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What are the causes of Cirrhosis?
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Alcohol, Infection, Parasitism, alpha 1 antitrypsinase deficiency, hemachomatosis
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What are some alcoholic liver diseases?
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Fatty liver
Alcoholic hepatitis Cirrhosis |
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What is Hemachromatosis?
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Avid iron absorption
Bronze diabetes (iron deposition in liver, heart, pancreas) |
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What causes derangement of copper metabolism?
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Wilson Disease
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What are the 2 alleles in alpha-1-antitryptinase?
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PiZZ poor
PiMM good |
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What is Alpha-1-antitryptinase?
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Protein that neutralizes neutrophil enzymes
(unchecked inflammation) |
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What is the most common liver cancer?
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Metastasis
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**What is the difference between a cyst and a pseudocyst?
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A cyst is lined by an epithelial membrane, whereas a pseudocyst does not
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Who is susceptible to cholesterol stones?
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Fat
Fertile >40 yrs old Female Fair- white people |
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What is another word for pigment gall stones?
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Hemoglobinopathies
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How do you get pigment stones?
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1. Hemolytic anemia
2. Breakdown of RBCs 3. Sickle Cell Anemia 4. Trypartate procedure (cholecystectomy, splenectomy, appendectomy) |
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What are the complications of gall stones?
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1. Biliary colic (cramping pain when eating fatty foods)
2. Impacted stones (jaundice, hepatitis, pancreatitis) 3. Ileus (stuck in the ileocecal valve) |
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What kind of gut flora do gall stones give rise to?
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Gram negative rods
(stone impactions can lead to bile stasis, stasis leads to bacterial overgrowth) |
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What causes ascending infection in gall stone patients?
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Cholangitis via gram negative sepsis due to bile stasis
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