Geology Test #2

Front 1

Basalt has a ____ composition

Back 1

Mafic

Front 2

A massive discordant pluton that is often hundreds of square kilometers is a

Back 2

Batholith

Front 3

A tabular, discordant pluton that forms where magma fills in fractures is a

Back 3

Dike

Front 4

Finer-grained round at the edges of plutons are

Back 4

Chilled Margins

Front 5

___ lava is jagged and blocky and forms when magma is ____ viscous

Back 5

Aa, more

Front 6

Tuffs are formed from tephra that is ___ sized fragments

Back 6

Ash

Front 7

All of the following are hazards from shield volcanoes EXCEPT

a. gases

b. violent eruptions

c. steam

d. flowing lava

Back 7

b. Violent eruptions

Front 8

The smallest volcanoes that grow rapidly and may be parasites on other volcanoes are

Back 8

Cinder Cones

Front 9

Mt. St. Helens, Mt. Rainer, and Vesuvius are all examples of a ____ volcano

Back 9

Composite Cone

Front 10

____ are hot glowing clouds of volcanic ash and gas that can rush down slopes of volcanoes at over 100 km per hour

Back 10

Pyroclastic flows

Front 11

Cracks that erupt lava are

Back 11

Fissures

Front 12

____ are coarse-grained igneous rocks formed from the last, water-rich "dregs" of magma

Back 12

pegmatites

Front 13

Igneous rocks that crystallize below the ground surface are ____ igneous rocks

Back 13

Intrusive

Front 14

____ rocks are the most abundant rocks within the earth

Back 14

Igneous

Front 15

All of the following are reasons for melting EXCEPT

a. radioactivity

b. decompression

c. geothermal gradient

d. gravity

e. fluxes

Back 15

d. gravity

Front 16

Which of the following is NOT a magma forming environment?

a. rift zone

b. continental collision zone

c. subduction zone

d. hot spot

Back 16

b. continental collision zone

Front 17

The last mineral to crystallize out according to Bowen's Reaction Series is

Back 17

Quartz

Front 18

___ magma rich in silica and aluminum and k-feldspar. It has a greater viscosity and explosiveness

Back 18

Felsic

Front 19

A slower cooling rate will produce ___ crystals

Back 19

Larger

Front 20

__ texture has at least two crystal sizes (phenocrysts in a fine grained groundmass) that represent a multiple stage cooling history

Back 20

porphyritic

Front 21

__ texture has larger crystals approx. the same size

Back 21

phaneritc

Front 22

___ texture is formed when material is erupted violently out of a volcano

Back 22

pyroclastic

Front 23

The US (does/does not have) natural gas reserves

Back 23

Does

Front 24

Ripples formed by WAVES are

Back 24

symmetrical

Front 25

Rocks formed by INORGANIC precipitation of minerals are

Back 25

Chemical sedimentary

Front 26

When lithifying a rock, the direct precipitation of crystals, because of a loss of solvent is

Back 26

crystallization

Front 27

A triangular shaped deposit of poorly-shaped sediment, formed in arid and semiarid climates, where there is a rapid change in slope is a(n)

Back 27

Alluvial fan

Front 28

Very old rocks, that are common iron-ores, and were probably formed by bacteriogenic activity are

Back 28

BIFS

Front 29

A change in rock type would categorize a ___ hydrocarbon gap

Back 29

Stratigraphic

Front 30

___ typically has giant oil fields that are assoc. with salt domes and basin faults

Back 30

Gulf Coast

Front 31

___ are hollow, subspherical structures that form crystals growing inward into water-filled products

Back 31

Geodes

Front 32

Granite will lead to ___ soils

Back 32

Sand-rich

Front 33

Wearing and grinding of rock against rock is an example of

Back 33

abrasion

Front 34

Pressure release fracturing due to pressure release above igneous plutons; often form concentric fractures layers

Back 34

Exfoliation

Front 35

Which mineral crystallizes first but also most unstable and therefore weathers first?

Back 35

Olivine

Front 36

The "Zone of Accumulation" is the __ horizon

Back 36

B

Front 37

What climate is most favorable for soil formation?

Back 37

warm and moist

Front 38

___ are formed by the mechanical concentration of heavy mineral particles by currents

Back 38

Placers

Front 39

___ is formed from the buried remains of plants, typically in swampy areas assoc. with ancient deltas

Back 39

Coal

Front 40

Which energy source currently has no commercial mining operation due to uncertainty of removal?

Back 40

Methane hydrates

Front 41

In beach environments the sorting and rounding of sedimentary grains is ____

Back 41

well-developed

Front 42

___ environments are river environments

Back 42

Fluvial

Front 43

Nodules and geodes are ___ sedimentary structures

Back 43

Secondary

Front 44

With greater maturity sedimentary rocks become more ____-rich

Back 44

Quartz

Front 45

___ is/are common in turbidites (underwater avalanches)

Back 45

Graded bedding

Front 46

Grain-size ___ with more metamorphism

Back 46

Increases

Front 47

The presence of the index mineral chlorite indicates a ___ grade of metamorphism

Back 47

low

Front 48

Burial metamorphism has __ lithostatic pressure and ____ heat

Back 48

high, low

Front 49

Shocked quartz is commonly found in what metamorphic environment?

Back 49

Impact

Front 50

The lowest metamorphosed grade of shale is

Back 50

Slate

Front 51

The presence of "gouge" and breccias would be characteristic of ____ metamorphism

Back 51

Cataclastic

Front 52

___ metamorphism is often assoc. with with orogenies

Back 52

Regional

Front 53

____ metamorphism occurs along faults

Back 53

Cataclastic

Front 54

___ metamorphism is due to the presence of igneous plutons

Back 54

Contact

Front 55

"Skarns" are ore deposits assoc. with ____ rocks

Back 55

Metamorphic

Front 56

Granite rocks melt at ___ temperatures than basalts

Back 56

lower

Front 57

Carbon Dioxide and water create ___ metamorphic rocks

Back 57

Metasomatism

Front 58

Pressure that caused foliation is ___ pressure

Back 58

Directed

Front 59

If a rock undergoes melting, it becomes a(n) ___ rock

Back 59

Igneous

Front 60

If a rock is subjected to heat, pressure, or chemical fluids, it becomes a(n) ___ rock

Back 60

metamorphic

Front 61

If a rock undergoes weathering and erosion, its products form a(n) ___ rock

Back 61

Sedimentary

Front 62

Igneous rock can change to all of the following types of rocks EXCEPT

Back 62

an igneous rock can become and rock type