Geology 1330 Test 2

Front 1

Weathering

Back 1

The disintegration and decomposition of rock at or near the surface of the earth

Front 2

Mass Wasting

Back 2

the down-slope movement of rock, regolith, and soil under the direct influence of gravity

Front 3

Erosion

Back 3

the incorporation and transportation of material by a mobile agent, such as water, wind, or ice.

Front 4

Mechanical Weathering

Back 4

The Physical disintegration of rock, resulting in smaller fragments

Front 5

Chemical Weathering

Back 5

the process by which the internal structure of a mineral is altered by the removal and/or addition of elements

Front 6

Mechanical Weathering: Unloading

Back 6

Igneous Rocks -mainly Granite- that crack into layers when pressure is removed. This creates exfoliation domes.

Ex. stone mountain in Georgia and half done and liberty cap in Yosemite national park.

Front 7

Mechanical Weathering: Frost Wedging

Back 7

When water works its way into cracks in rock, upon freezing, expands and enlarges these openings.

After multiple freezing and thawing cycles, the rock breaks into angular fragments. This happens the most often in the mountains.

When it happens enough, it creates talus slopes

Front 8

Mechanical Weathering: Biological Activity

Back 8

Rocks are weathered by plants roots growing through the rocks, animals borrowing through the rocks, acid from decaying organisms also wears away on the rocks.

The most devastating is people blowing up, paving, or removing rocks.

Front 9

Mechanical Weathering: Thermal expansion

Back 9

The heating and cooling of rocks causes deformation and destruction.
This is seen greatest when temperatures exceed 30 degrees Celsius.

Rock will be more proned to this weathering if chemical weathering has occurred first.

Front 10

Chemical Weathering: Dissolution

Back 10

The Process of dissolving into a homogeneous solution, as when an acidic solution dissolves limestone

Halite dissolves into water

Front 11

Chemical Weathering: Hydration

Back 11

Hydration is the chemical addition of water molecules to a mineral. This process frequently produce a new mineral compound. In addition, the size of the mineral structure is increased causing stress and developing zones of weakness. This can increase the overall permeability of the stone and lead to spalling, pitting and flaking. Overall color changes can take place as well

Front 12

Chemical Weathering: Hydrolysis

Back 12

Chemically changing a mineral when it reacts to acids and waters

The silicates react the most to this process because of the hydrogen atom. Carbonic Acid also has a major effect.

Kaolinite is the most populous item created by hydrolysis

Front 13

Chemical Weathering: Oxidation

Back 13

The removal of one or more electrons from an atom or ion. so named because elements commonly combine with oxygen.

iron Rich rocks are likely to have have this problem such as olivine, pyroxene, and hornblende. this can create hematite or limonite.
With silicates, this can only happen when hydrolysis removes the iron from the silicates.

Sulfides can also oxidize, such as pyrite

Front 14

Weathering Stability Series

Back 14

Front 15

How climate affects the dominant type of weathering

Back 15

Chemical: In a Hot, Wet climate chemical weathering is increased because the weathering occurs rapidly and completely, thereby making mechanical weathering less important

Mechanical: a dry climate because chemical weathering will occur slowly, thereby making chemical weathering more important

Front 16

Role of Climate in weathering Feldspar

Back 16

Feldspar (dry Climate) becomes Kaolinite (mod temperate )
or becomes Bauxite in extreme temperate

Front 17

Role of climate in weathering Granite

Back 17

Temperate
Quartz becomes quartz grain
Feldspar becomes clay

Arid
Quartz becomes quartz grain
Feldspar becomes feldspar grains

Front 18

Role of Joints in Weathering

Back 18

The surface area will increase but the volume will not increase.

Increasing the surface area will increase the exposure to fluids; therefore, chemical weathering will be increased

The corners will dissolve faster than the sides

Powdered sugar dissolves quicker than cubed sugar

Front 19

Differential erosion in humid and arid climates

Back 19

Humid
Sandstones (survive)----> ridges and cliffs
Shale(weak) -------------> valleys and slopes
Limestone(weak) -----> Valleys and slopes

Arid
Sandstone (Strong) -------Ridges and cliffs
Shales (weak) ------> valleys and slopes
Limestone (strong) --------> ridges and cliffs

Front 20

Weathering Products

Back 20

Solid particles (mechanical and Chemical weathering

Dissolved Ions (chemical Weathering)

These products are transported by rivers, waves, wind, glaciers, gravity (e.g. landslides)

Front 21

Lithification

Back 21

The process by which sediment becomes sedimentary rock

Compaction and cementations

Front 22

Clastic

Back 22

transported and deposited as solid

Front 23

Chemical

Back 23

precipitated inorganically from solutions

Front 24

Biochemical

Back 24

precipitated organically from solution

Front 25

How are Clastic and sediment and sedimentary rocks classified?

Back 25

Clastic
Discrete fragments and particles
all detritl rocks have a Clastic texture

Nonclastic (chemical
Pattern of interlocking crystals
may resemble an igneous rock

Texture

Composition

Front 26

Clastic Textures

Back 26

Grain size
Grain shape
Grain Sorting

Front 27

significance of grain size

Back 27

>2 mm

This is gravel. it tells me that this is a detriral rock, and it tells me either conglomerate (smooth size) or Breeca (angular)

1/16th<>2mm
Sand (creates sandstone)

<1/16
Silt or mud (creates mudstone)

Front 28

signifcance of grain shape

Back 28

Tells me how the sand was created

Front 29

significance of grain sorting

Back 29

Poorly sorted sediment has been rapidly deposited, with little reworking (maybe by landslip or glaciers
Low porosity

Well Sorted Sediment has been extensively reworked
high porosity

Front 30

Conglomerate

Back 30

Front 31

Breccia

Back 31

Front 32

Sandstone

Back 32

Front 33

Shale

Front 34

Shale

Back 34

Front 35

Quartz Arenite

Back 35

Front 36

Arkose

Back 36

Back 37

Front 38

Limestone

Back 38

Front 39

Chalk

Back 39

Front 40

Chert

Back 40

Front 41

indicators of clastic depositinal environment

Back 41

GRain size
Grain sorting
Grain Shape
Bedforms (ripples)
Sedimentary Structures
Fossils

Front 42

Sequence of precipitation from the evaporation of sea water

Back 42

1st: Calcite (CaCO3 )( 1/3%)
2nd: Gypsum (CaSO4 * 2H2)) (3 1/2%)
3rd: Halite (NaCl) (78%)
4th: Bitterns (KCl & MgCl) (11%)
5th: Nitrates (NaNO3) trace

Front 43

Types of Biochemical

Back 43

Limestone
Chert
Coal

Front 44

Types of inorganic

Back 44

TRavertine
Most Chrts
vaporites

Front 45

Bulleye

Back 45

Outer ring is calcite
inner ring is Gypsum
next layer is Halite
fourth layer is Bitterns
the bulleye is Nitrates

This is used to find our key minerals

Front 46

Potassium

Back 46

a lot is found where evaporation

It came from k-feldspar by chemical weathering

Front 47

Nitrates

Back 47

atacoma deserts

Front 48

Posphate

Back 48

it comes from apatite and organic material

Front 49

how coal forms

Back 49

Conditions for coal
1. High rate of biological productivity
2. Preserved in a reducing environment
3. burial/ compation



Stage one- Peat is buried and becomes compacted
Stage two- Lignite or Brown Coal (15-30% Carbon/ low Grade)
Stage 3 black coal (50- 80% carbon)
Stage 4 (metamorphism) Carbon (85-95%)

Front 50

How oil Forms

Back 50

Conditions
1. High rate of Biological productivity (mainly marine micro-organisms)
2. Presusuve in a reducing environment
3. Burial/ compaction/ maturation (squeezed out the organic fluid)
4. migration through a permeable rock
5. trapped by an impermeable seal

Front 51

Metamorphism

Back 51

the solid-state change in composition, mineralogy, or texture, of pre-existing rocks due to the change in temperature, pressure, or chemical components.

Front 52

Agents of metamorphism

Back 52

Stress (confining pressure<equal Pressure> and differential stress<unequal pressure>)
Heat
Chemically Active Fluids

Front 53

How Does pressure and temperature vary with Depth

Back 53

Pressure increases with depth. Temperature increases with depth.

Front 54

Geothermal Gradient

Back 54

the rate at which temperature increases with depth

1. Burial will increase pressure
2. Subduction
3. heating from Intrusion
4. Hot Fluids
5. Change in Stresses
6. Shearing

Front 55

Regional

Back 55

Changes caused by the high temperature and directed pressures associated with regional mountain building

These rocks with be highly deformed and recrystallized rocked

Front 56

Contact

Back 56

Changes caused by the high temperature of an intruding magma, which can "bake" the surrounding rock.

(Marble)

Front 57

Hydrothermal

Back 57

Changes caused by interaction of hot, chemically rich fluids with surrounding rock

Front 58

Metamorphic classifcation

Back 58

Texture: foliated (Regional) and Non-Foliated (Contact)
composition (what minerals are present)

Front 59

Types of Metamorpic Foliation

Back 59

Schistosity: elongate and platy minerals recrystallize along parallel planes

Gneissic Texture: dark and light colored minerals segregate into compositional Bands

Deformation: flattening of grain due to directed stresses

Front 60

Slatey Cleavage

Back 60

Planes at right angles against the fold lines

You can make shingles out of slate

Front 61

What is metamorphic Foliated

Back 61

Physical
Rotation (mineral particles turn) and Deformation (pressure is applied that flattens the minerals)

Chemical
Recrystallization ( the crystals will grow to the area of less pressure)
Re-mobilization ( the location of minerals will change)

Front 62

Slate is metamorphosed

Back 62

Slate (low grade)---> phyllite(Medium Grade) ---> Schist(High GRade)--- (Gneiss)

Front 63

Gneissic Texture

Back 63

The stresses are so high that the minerals are completely rearranged into a banded appearance

Front 64

Contact Aureole

Back 64

The area adjacent to an intrusive that has been altered by contact metamorphism (i.e. the "baked rim") is called the metamorphic aureole.

Front 65

Bedding Vs. Foliation

Back 65

Bedding separates the sedimentery rocks

Foliation is the layering of a metamorphic rock

Front 66

Non-Foliated Meta Rocks

Back 66

Quartzite (Contact), Marble (Contact), Hornfels (Contact), Anthracite

Front 67

How do you tell the difference between Metamorphic and non-metamorphic Rocks?

Back 67

Texture

Metamorphic will be combined and of relatively the same size and form

Composition can also help because it will combine multiple minerals

Calcite happens because of a recrystalization

Front 68

Metamorphic Facies

Back 68

An assemblage of rocks with Characteristic minerals formed under specific temperature and pressure conditions

Front 69

Metamorphic Facies Chart

Back 69

Front 70

Migmatites

Back 70

a rock that is both igneous and metamorphic rock characteristics. such rocks may form when light colored silicate minerals melt and the crystallize, while the dark silicate minerals remain solid

Such ask nice mixed with Granite

Front 71

Protoliths

Back 71

Sandstone becomes quartzite (contact)

Limestone becomes Marble (contact)

Shale becomes slate, phyllite, schist, Gneiss
These happens because of increasing pressures and tempetures

Basalt become Greenstone, Green Schist, Amphibolite (not much banding because of the lack of felsic minerals)

GRanite becomes schist and gneiss

Front 72

Hornfels

Back 72

this will form near high temp and lower pressure

Front 73

Blue Schist

Back 73

Low pressure lower temps

Front 74

Greenschist or amphobolite

Back 74

High temp and high pressure

Front 75

Stress and types

Back 75

an applied for or force per unite area

Types of stress
Compression (->db<-), tension (<-d b->), or sheer (Down dP ^)

Front 76

Strain and types

Back 76

Change in the shape or size due to an applied force (stress)

This is Deformation

Elastic - a temporary change in shape or size that is recovered when the applied stress is removed

Ductile (plastic)a permanent change in shape or size by bending or flowage that is not recovered when the stress is removed

Brittle (rupture)- the loss of cohesion due to an applied force. (it breaks)

Front 77

Strength and typs

Back 77

The ability of an object to resist deformation

Types compressive (i cant be pushed in) or tensile (i cant be pulled apart) strength

Front 78

Fault

Back 78

a fracture along which movement has occurred

Front 79

effects if pressure

Back 79

High pressure= ductile deformation
Low pressure = brittle deformation

Front 80

Effects of temperature

Back 80

High Temp= ductile deformation
low temp= brittle deformation

Front 81

Strain Rate

Back 81

quickly= brittle deformation
slowly= ductile

Front 82

effects of composition

Back 82

hard= brittle
soft= ductile

Front 83

Strike

Back 83

the compass direction of the line of intersection created by a dipping bed or fault and a horizontal surface. strike is always perpemdicular to the direction of dip

Front 84

Dip

Back 84

the angle at which a rock layer or fault is inclined from the horizontal. the direction of dip is at a right angle to the strike

Front 85

dip and strike symbol

Back 85

˧

Front 86

vertical strike

Back 86

ᐩ

Front 87

Horizontal

Back 87

it is a gun site

Front 88

Axial plane

Back 88

the imaginary plane that divides a fold

Front 89

Superposition

Back 89

the ideas that the top layer is younger than the layer that is below it.

This helps to date rocks.

Front 90

Principle of original horizontality

Back 90

layers of sediment are generally placed in horizontal layers

undisturbed layers are in their original form

Front 91

principle of cross cutting relationships

Back 91

any feature that cuts across a rock or body of sediment must be younger that the rock or sediment that it cuts across

Front 92

Dis-conformity

Back 92

an nonconformity between parallel strata or lava flows

Front 93

angular Unconformity

Back 93

an unconformity between two sets of strata that are not parallel to one another

Front 94

nonconformity

Back 94

an unconformity between younger sedimentary rocks and subjacent metamorphic or igneous rocks. It forms when stratified sedimentary rocks or lava flows are distributed on eroded igneous or metamorphic rocks

Front 95

Inclusions

Back 95

fragments of one rock that have been enclosed within another.

Front 96

Precambrianera

Back 96

the 4 billion years before the Cambrian Age

4550-543

Front 97

Phanerozoic Eon

Back 97

542-present

This is the time where life is on the plant

Front 98

paleozoic era

Back 98

543-248

Front 99

mesozoic era

Back 99

248-65

Front 100

cenozoic Era

Back 100

65- today

Front 101

alpha emission decay

Back 101

s a type of radioactive decay in which an atomic nucleus emits an alpha particle, and thereby transforms (or 'decays') into an atom with a mass number 4 less and atomic number 2 less.

2 protons and two neutrons= alpha

Front 102

beta emission decay

Back 102

is a type of radioactive decay in which a beta particle (an electron or a positron) is emitted.

Front 103

electron capture

Back 103

is a decay mode for isotopes that will occur when there are too many protons in the nucleus of an atom and insufficient energy to emit a positron; however, it continues to be a viable decay mode for radioactive isotopes that can decay by positron emission