Geology Final Exam

Front 1

ocean water came from deep inside the ______. It was brought to the surface when _________ __________. Scientists think soon after the earth was formed, there was a long period of massive ___________ ____________.

Back 1

ocean water came from deep inside the earth. It was brought to the surface when volcanoes erupted. Scientists think soon after the earth was formed, there was a long period of massive volcanic eruptions.

Front 2

what makes rivers salty?

Back 2

After years and years of river inflow and evaporation, the salt content of the lake water built up to the present levels. The same process made the seas salty. Rivers carry dissolved salts to the ocean.

Front 3

what is the carbon cycle?

Back 3

the series of processes by which carbon compounds are interconverted in the environment, chiefly involving the incorporation of carbon dioxide into living tissue by photosynthesis and its return to the atmosphere through respiration, the decay of dead organisms, and the burning of fossil fuels.

Front 4

Saltin the ocean comes from rocks, and sediment on land getting washed into thewater. Sodium and ________ are the main parts of the salty complexion.

Back 4

chloride

Front 5

Mostlycaused by wind. Depends on ________ and ________.

Back 5

speed and duration

Front 6

Waveheight is caused by the duration of wind. The longer it blows in the samedirection, the (taller/shorter) the waves get.

Back 6

taller

Front 7

Transportis the process of _______ _________ along the coastline. It causes the beach to “drift”.The inward movement pushes the sand along the beach and then pulls it straightback out, making a _________ pattern.

Back 7

sand movement along the coastline, zig-zag pattern

Front 8

Sealevels are rising because of _________ ____________ in the ocean. The (warmer/colder) wateris taking up more space. Also because __________ are melting, they are adding tosea levels.

Back 8

thermal expansion, warmer, glaciers melting

Front 9

Describes places in the oceans wherethere is an excessive amount of nutrients from human causes. This depletes theoxygen in the given area and kills the life around it.

Back 9

Hypoxia

Front 10

Water conditions cause the coral to expel microorganismsthat give them color.

Back 10

bleaching

Front 11

Hurricanesare caused by excess __________ __________, which add to their size. They get spun aroundat the equator and then the cycle continues.

Back 11

water vapor

Front 12

how were fossils formed?

Back 12

Some animals were quickly buried after death, sinking in themud or buried in the sand. They hardened and their shapes were saved.

Front 13

____________tellsus about extinct groups like dinosaurs, ammonites, and trilobites.

Back 13

the fossil record

Front 14

some animals are only known about because of their _________.

Back 14

Fossils!!!!!!!!!!!!

Front 15

the layering of deposits in an archaeological site

Back 15

stratigraphy

Front 16

theprocess by which the nucleus of an unstable atom loses energy and emitsradiation including all sorts of particles

Back 16

radioactive decay

Front 17

the earth formed ______ billion years ago

Back 17

4.5 billion whoa!!

Front 18

The Earth formed by ________ in the giant disc-shaped cloud of material that alsoformed the _____. __________ slowly gathered into clumps and make small ________.

Back 18

collisions, sun, gravity, planets

Front 19

Gasseswhich formed the atmosphere came from ___________ ____________.

Back 19

outer space

Front 20

gasfrom _________ (CO2) created a layer of greenhouse gas

Back 20

volcanoes

Front 21

The __________ is like molten plastic, magnesium,aluminum, etc. The ______ ______ is liquid iron, and silicon. _______ _______ is solidiron.

Back 21

mantle, outer core, inner core

Front 22

ROCK TYPE QUIZ: _________ is natural from magma, ___________ is formed by pressure andtime, ___________ is made of sediments compacted over time.

Back 22

igneous, metamorphic, sedimentary

Front 23

In Minnesota, there were _________ that receded and left all the lakes.

Back 23

glaciers!!!

Front 24

1. _______ enters the atmosphere as carbon dioxide fromrespiration (_______) and combustion (_______). 2. Carbon dioxide is absorbed by _________ (life forms that maketheir own food e.g. plants) to make carbohydrates in photosynthesis . These producers then putoff _______.3. _________ feed on the plants. Thus passing thecarbon compounds along the food chain. Most of the carbon these animals consumehowever is exhaled as _________ ________. This is through the process of ___________.The animals and plants then eventually die.4. The dead organisms (dead animals and plants)are eaten by __________ in the ground. The carbon that was in their bodies is thenreturned to the atmosphere as __________ __________. In some circumstances the processof decomposition is prevented. The decomposed plants and animals may thenbe available as fossilfuel in the future for combustion.

Back 24

1. Carbon enters the atmosphere as carbon dioxide fromrespiration (breathing) and combustion (burning). 2. Carbon dioxide is absorbed by producers (life forms that maketheir own food e.g. plants) to make carbohydrates in photosynthesis . These producers then putoff oxygen.3. Animals feed on the plants. Thus passing thecarbon compounds along the food chain. Most of the carbon these animals consumehowever is exhaled as carbondioxide. This is through the process of respiration.The animals and plants then eventually die.4. The dead organisms (dead animals and plants)are eaten by decomposers in the ground. The carbon that was in their bodies is thenreturned to the atmosphere as carbon dioxide. In some circumstances the processof decomposition is prevented. The decomposed plants and animals may thenbe available as fossilfuel in the future for combustion.

Front 25

describes the condition of the atmosphere over a short period

Back 25

weather

Front 26

describes average conditions over a longer period of time

Back 26

climate

Front 27

the trapping of the sun's warmth in a planet'slower atmosphere due to the greater transparency of the atmosphere to visibleradiation from the sun than to infrared radiation emitted from the planet'ssurface

Back 27

the greenhouse effect

Front 28

what are some greenhouse gases?

Back 28

water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrousoxide, and ozone

Front 29

The main sources of greenhouse gases due to human activity are: ________ of fossil fuels and __________ leading to higher carbon dioxideconcentrations in the air.

Back 29

burning, deforestation

Front 30

the greenhouse effect is the ___________ of _________ radiation by theatmosphere

Back 30

the absorption of infrared radiation

Front 31

the Coriolis effect exists because of ________ __________.

Back 31

Earth's rotation

Front 32

Ocean water circulation is drive by _________ & _____________.

Back 32

salinity and temperature

Front 33

fossils are in __________ rocks

Back 33

sedimentary

Front 34

Isotopes are atoms of the same element that have________ number of protons, _________ number of neutrons.

Back 34

the same # of protons, different # of neutrons

Front 35

______= largest unit of geologic time

Back 35

eon

Front 36

we live in the __________ eon

Back 36

Holocene

Front 37

Dinosaurs lived approximately ____________ years ago.

Back 37

100 million years ago

Front 38

shortest to longest: ______, period, era, eon

Back 38

epoch, period, era, eon

Front 39

The principle that states that sedimenttends to be deposited in horizontal layers

Back 39

Superposition

Front 40

The principle that statesthat geologic features that cut across rocks must form after the rocks thatthey cut through

Back 40

cross- cutting relationships

Front 41

the first life on Earth was found _________ years ago

Back 41

over 1 billion years ago