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78 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Volcanic Explosivity Index |
1-3: Strombolian 3-5: Vulcanian 4-7: Plinian |
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Lahar |
Mudflow due to volcanic eruption |
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Fumarole |
Vent where gas is emitted from a volcano |
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Vog |
Volcanic air pollution |
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Maar |
Volcanic lake |
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Basaltic Lavas |
Divergent boundaries, hot spots (1k-2k C) Shield volcano Lava dome Cinder cone Large Igneous provinces |
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Andesitic/rhyolitic lavas |
Convergent boundaries High viscosity, silica content Stratovolcano Caldera |
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Stress |
Force/Area |
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Strain |
Amount of deformation expressed as a % of distortion |
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Strength |
Rocks break when stressed beyond their strength |
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Elastic Rebound Theory |
Rocks deform elastically, then rebound during an earthquake rupture |
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Focus |
Point at which the fault begins to slip |
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Epicenter |
Point on earth's surface directly above focus |
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Foreshock, aftershock |
small quakes before or after main quake |
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Moment magnitude |
Fault area, avg rupture size |
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Modified Mercalli Scale |
Shaking intensity based on ppl who felt quake |
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Shallow earthquakes |
Mid-ocean ridges, transform faults |
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Range of earthquake depth |
Shallow: 0-70 km Intermediate: 70-300 km Deep: 300-700 km |
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Benioff Zone |
Zone of seismicity across a subduction zone |
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Intraplate earthquakes |
Occur due to pre-existing stresses From a pre-existing fault, fracking, or new fault formation |
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River authority |
Public agency given authority to develop, manage the waters of the state. Can distribute water for the benefit of the public |
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Reservoir |
Where is water stored? |
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Residence time |
How long stored? |
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Chemical interactions |
How does it react? |
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Transport |
How long to transfer from one reservoir to the next?
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Relative humidity |
Amt. of water vapor in the air; how much water is in spaces between air molecules |
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Rain shadow |
Area of low price caused by mtn. range |
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Drainage basin, watershed |
Area of land where surface water converges to a single point at a lower elevation |
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Surface runoff |
Water flow that occurs when soil is infiltrated to full capacity. Reservoirs, wetlands store runoff |
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Wetland |
Wetland - land area saturated w/ water |
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Reservoir |
Natural or artificial lake, storage pond, or impoundment from dam |
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Dams |
Benefits: Water supply, electricity, job development, manage water, hydropower, drinking water Problems: transformed rivers, displaced people, debt burden, water quality |
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Aquifer |
Formation that stores water underground
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Aquiclude |
Doesn't store water |
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Porosity |
Percentage of total volume taken up by a rock's pores |
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Permeability |
Capacity of a solid to allow fluids to pass through it |
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Vadose |
Unsaturated zone of aeration
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Phreatic |
Zone of saturation |
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Perched water table/aquifer |
Occurs in vadose zone; does not store large amounts of water, not good place for well |
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Recharge zone |
Water enters aquifer |
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Discharge zone |
Water exits here |
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Saltwater intrusion |
Movement of saline water into freshwater aquifers |
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Unconfined aquifer |
Water seeps underground; static |
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Confined aquifer |
Aquiclude above and below; pressurized |
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Karst features |
Caves, caverns, disappearing streams, sinkholes |
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Water stress |
Measure of water availability in relation to population density |
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Eolian |
Geologic processes powered by wind |
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Haboob |
Intense dust storm |
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Annual precip less than 25 cm Potential to evaporate more than falls So little vegetation that cannot support abundant life |
Desert requirements |
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Subtropical Rain shadow Coastal Mid-latitude Polar |
Desert types
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Desertification |
Expansion of deserts into formerly productive lands |
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Playa |
Desert lake |
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Climate Pop increase Over-exploitation of resources |
Causes of desertification |
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Barchan Blowout dunes Transverse dunes Longitudinal |
Dune types
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Ventifacts |
Sand blasted rocks |
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Yardangs |
Streamlined wind-eroded ridges |
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Wadi/arroyo |
Dry lake or stream |
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Pediment |
Mountain remnants surrounded by sediments |
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Glacial erratics |
Large rocks carried by glaciers |
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Valley glaciers (alpine) Continental glaciers (ice sheets) Ice shelves (thick, floating ice slabs) |
Types of glaciers |
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Shelf calves |
Water-filled fractures carved thru ice shelf |
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Iceberg calving |
Part of ice shelf falls off |
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Ablation |
Glacial melting |
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Plastic flow |
Laminar, ice crystals deform |
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Basal flow |
Liquid water at base |
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Crevasses |
Form where a glacier moves over steps in bedrock topography...and where it curves around topography |
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Till |
Glacial Sediment; poorly sorted |
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Moraines
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Piles of till |
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Permafrost |
Permanently frozen soil/sediment |
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Pleistocene Era |
When glaciers were around |
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Milankovich Cycle Theory |
Changes in earth's movements controls climate |
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Eccentricity |
Departure of its ellipse from circularity |
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Precession |
trend in the direction of earth's axis of rotation relative to the fixed stars |
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Fossil fuels |
Buried combustible geologic deposits; originally organic materials formed from decaying plants and animals |
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Rocks where hydrocarbons form Shale/siltstone Limestone 1-5% organic carbon content T < 302 |
Ideal Source Rock |
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Rocks where oil from source rock can migrate Porous/permeable Well-sorted, coarse-grained sandstones Cracked limestones Porosity > 30% |
Ideal Reservoir Rock |
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Impermeable rock that traps petroleum Small, closely-fitting pieces of sediment Shale Holds petroleum for millions of yrs |
Ideal Cap Rock |
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Aniticlinal Trap Fault Trap Stratigraphic trap Salt Dome Trap |
Types of Oil Traps |
