Geography Test 2 Milburn

Front 1

A way a language sounds or is pronounced in a particular location.

Back 1

Accent

Front 2

A large language family found primarily in North Africa and Southwest Asia.

Back 2

Afro-Asiatic

Front 3

A language using hand gestures, primarily used by the deaf in the United States and Canada.

Back 3

American Sign Language

Front 4

A pidgin language that has been adopted by a group of speakers as its primary tongue.

Back 4

Creole

Front 5

An ancient Mesopotanian form of writing made by pressing a reed into a tablet of wet clay.

Back 5

Cuneiform

Front 6

Variations of sounds and vocabulary in a language among different places.

Back 6

Dialect

Front 7

A theory attributed to Jakob Grimm that modern German and English experienced consonant shifts since ancient times.

Back 7

Grimm's Law

Front 8

A creole language spoken on islands off the coast of South Carolina and Georgia.

Back 8

Gullah

Front 9

Language that is peculiar to a certain group of people or a religion; often used anonymously with dialect.

Back 9

Idiom

Front 10

A large family of hundreds of languages, including English.

Back 10

Indo-European

Front 11

A system of communication making sounds, gestures, marks, and signs.

Back 11

Language

Front 12

The process of two languages merging together.

Back 12

Language Convergence

Front 13

The process of a language splitting into two or more distinct languages.

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Language Divergence

Front 14

The point at which a language no longer has any speakers.

Back 14

Language Extinction

Front 15

A collection of languages that have a common ancestor and is subdivided into smaller branches of related languages.

Back 15

Language Family

Front 16

A language that belongs to no known language family.

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Language Isolate

Front 17

A language used in cross-cultural communication or trade.

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Lingua Franca

Front 18

Terms used in one language that have an origin in another language.

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Loan Words

Front 19

A large language family of over 1,200 tongue spoken primarily in Southeast Asia and the South Pacific.

Back 19

Malayo-Polynesian

Front 20

A large language family of 1,400 tongues spoken primarily in Africa.

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Niger-Congo

Front 21

Generally, rural or provincial speech or a nonstandard form of a language.

Back 21

Patios

Front 22

The sounds used in a spoken language.

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Phonemes

Front 23

A type of written speech in which small pictures are used for words.

Back 23

Pictographic Writing

Front 24

A simplified language that is used by people who speak different languages for common communication; usually not the primary language of anyone using it.

Back 24

Pidgin

Front 25

The common ancestor of a family of modern languages.

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Proto-Language

Front 26

Considered to by the standard form of English, spoken in and around London and often used on British radio and television.

Back 26

Received Pronunciation

Front 27

A large stone discovered in 1799 with three languages inscribed on it. It eventually led to the deciphering of Egyptian hieroglyphics.

Back 27

Rosetta Stone

Front 28

An early alphabet used by Germanic speakers before the adoption of the Latin alphabet.

Back 28

Runic Alphabet

Front 29

The branch of the Afro-Asianic language family that includes Arabic.

Back 29

Semitic

Front 30

A large language family that includes various dialects of Chinese, including Mandarin.

Back 30

Sino-Tibetan

Front 31

A group of languages from different families or branches of a family that share grammatical or lexical similarities because of proximity.

Back 31

Sprachbund

Front 32

The study of place names.

Back 32

Toponymy

Front 33

Loral or isolated to a particular are. In the study of languages, words and phrases unique to a particular region.

Back 33

Vernacular

Front 34

Various, mostly animistic religions practiced in Africa.

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African Traditional Religions

Front 35

The belief that deities or souls inhabit everyday objects.

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Animism

Front 36

A universalizing religion founded in the 19th century and practiced in nearly every country today.

Back 36

Baha'i

Front 37

A religion founded in the sixth century BC and practiced today by over 400 million people. It emphasizes that life is suffering, but by living a proper life a human can achieve enlightenment and break free from the cycle of births and deaths.

Back 37

Buddhism

Front 38

In Hindu areas, a complex division of society based on hereditary classes that are distinguished by their degree of ritual purity.

Back 38

Caste System

Front 39

The worlds largest religion, grounded on Judais beliefs and based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ, who Christians believe is the song of God.

Back 39

Christianity

Front 40

A Chinese folk religion or philosophy that began about 2,500 years ago and emphasizes proper social relationships and individual morality.

Back 40

Confusianism

Front 41

An early secy of Christianity primarily practiced in Egypt and Ethiopia.

Back 41

Coptic Christians

Front 42

A key concept in Hinduism, one's proper duty in life.

Back 42

Dharma

Front 43

A group that identifies with a particular homeland or territory but whose members are now dispersed.

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Diaspora

Front 44

In Buddhism, the proper way to eliminate desire and achieve enlightenment.

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Eightfold Path

Front 45

Religions that are primary associated with one ethnicity, such as Shinto in Japan or Hinduism.

Back 45

Ethnic religions

Front 46

Basic acts that Muslims are supposed to carry out, including a confession of faith, prayer, charity, observance of Ramadan, and participation in a pilgrimage to Mecca.

Back 46

Five Pillars

Front 47

In Buddhism, principles that the Buddha taught concerning the nature of existence.

Back 47

Four Noble Truths

Front 48

The breakup, in 1054, of the major sect of Christianity into the Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church.

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Great Schism

Front 49

The annual pilgrimage to Mecca that all capable Muslims are expected to undertake at least once in their lifetime.

Back 49

Hajj

Front 50

The movement of Muhammad and his followers to Mecca to what is now Medina in 622 AD, an event regarded as the start of the Islamic calendar.

Back 50

Hijra

Front 51

The ancient and complex ethnic religion practiced primarily in India. It emphasizes reincarnation, the worship of any one of many gods, and the consequences of one's actions.

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Hinduism

Front 52

A monotheistic religion with two major sects. It was founded in the seventh century by the prophet Muhammad and is now the second largest religion in the world. Its practitioners are known as Muslims.

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Islam

Front 53

A small religion founded in the sixth century BC and practiced mostly in India or where Indians settle. It emphasizes the elimination of all activity that would accumulate bad Karma.

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Jainism

Front 54

A Jewish prophet, whose teachings form the basis of Christianity and whom Christians believe is the Messiah.

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Jesus Christ

Front 55

An old, monotheistic, and ethnic religion, which, despite its small size, has had a strong influence on human history and which formed a spiritual foundation for Christianity and Islam. Its practitioners are known as Jews.

Back 55

Judaism

Front 56

In religions such as Hinduism and Buddhism, the notion that every action a person takes, whether good or bad, has a consequence in the future.

Back 56

Karma

Front 57

Prepared according to Jewish laws and traditions and commonly used to refer to food.

Back 57

Kosher

Front 58

One of the two largest branches of Buddhism, practiced primarily in East and Southeast Asia. Generally, it has more mystical and spiritual elements than Theravada Buddhism.

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Mahayana Buddhism

Front 59

The type of religion that believes in one supreme being.

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Monotheistic

Front 60

A house of worship in Islam and distinguished by a tower known as a mineret.

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Mosque

Front 61

The seventh century prophet that Muslims believe is the messenger of God; the founder of the religion of Islam.

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Muhammad

Front 62

Places that are sacred to a religion because it is believed that a deity or other supernatural entity came into direct contact with humans at those locations.

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Mystico-religious Sites

Front 63

The primary teachings of Buddhism; also known as the Tripitaka.

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Pali Canon

Front 64

A religion that believes in many deities.

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Polytheistic

Front 65

Places that are not holy or sacred; everyday places.

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Profane Landscape

Front 66

An important religious movement, which began in Europe in the sixteenth century and was marked by a rejection of the power and rituals of the Catholic Church. It led to the rise of the Protestant Christian sects.

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Protestant Reformation

Front 67

The holy book of Islam, believed by Muslims to be the actual words of God as revealed by Muhammad.

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Qur'an

Front 68

In religions such as Hinduism, the belief that souls are reborn after death in other life forms.

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Reincarnation

Front 69

A cultural system of beliefs, traditions, and practices, often centered around the worship of a deity or deities.

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Religion

Front 70

A place that has religious or spiritual importance.

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Sacred Landscape

Front 71

Traditional Muslim law as set forth in the Qur'an and the example set by Muhammad in his lifetime.

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Sharia

Front 72

The traditional animistic religion of Japan.

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Shinto

Front 73

The Buddha; a noble born in the Himalayas approximately 2,500 years ago who rejected his life of privilege and sought a path to enlightenment. His teachings form the basis of Buddhism.

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Siddhartha

Front 74

Monotheistic religion founded in South Asia in the late 15th century by Guru Nanak as a reaction to perceived problems with the teachings of Islam and Hinduism.

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Sikhism

Front 75

A Jewish house of worship.

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Synagogue

Front 76

An ancient Chinese philosophy or religion focused on individual morality, self-restraint, and humility.

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Taoism

Front 77

The oldest of the two major branches of Buddhism. Practiced mainly in Sri Lanka, Thailand, Burma, and Cambodia, it beliefs are relatively conservative, holding close to the original teachings of the Buddha.

Back 77

Theravada Buddhism

Front 78

In Judaism, the first five books of the Hebrew scriptures, believed to be the law of God.

Back 78

Torah

Front 79

Faiths practices by small, isolated groups of people who largely live in developing areas of the world.

Back 79

Traditional Religions

Front 80

The primary teachings of the Buddha; also known as the Pali Canon.

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Tripitaka

Front 81

Faiths that seek to convert nonbelievers to their ranks.

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Universalizing Religions

Front 82

Within Hindu Society, a group whose jobs are considered to be so spiritually and physically impure that they are below all other people in social status and historically have been discriminated against.

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Untouchables

Front 83

The branch of Buddhism practiced primarily in Tibet and Mongolia.

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Vajrayana

Front 84

The holy books of the Hindus.

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Vedas

Front 85

The process of learning how to operate within a new culture.

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Acculturation

Front 86

The adoption of a new culture by a migrant and the abandonment of most aspects of an original culture.

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Assimilation

Front 87

The situation in which a migrant or new ethnic group maintains a strong self-identity and much of the original culture but has adopted enough of the cultural traits of a host society to be a functioning member of it; also known as cultural assimilation.

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Behavioral Assimilation

Front 88

An ethnic group possessing a unique linguistic, religions, and other cultural traits, located in Louisiana and surrounding areas with historical roots in Canada.

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Cajuns

Front 89

The settlement of a whole town or area en mass by a particular ethnic group.

Back 89

Cluster Migration

Front 90

A situation in which a migrant or new ethnic group maintains a strong self-identity and much of the original culture but has adopted much of the cultural traits of a host society to be a functioning member of it.

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Cultural Assimilation

Front 91

The process in which a new ethnic group or identity appears.

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Emergent Ethnicity

Front 92

Moderately sized areas of ethnic concentration in rural, or non-urban areas, such as Amish or Hutterite communities.

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Ethnic islands

Front 93

In cities, areas that have concentrated populations of a particular ethnic group, such as Chinatown.

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Ethnic Neighborhoods

Front 94

Large areas associated with a particular ethnic group, such as French-speaking Quebec.

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Ethnic Provinces

Front 95

A group's self-identification based on cultural, historical, physical, or other characteristics.

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Ethnicity

Front 96

A suburb with a concentration of a particular ethnic group.

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Ethnoburb

Front 97

An attitude of ethnic or cultural superiority.

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Ethnocentrism

Front 98

An approach to human geography that focuses on gender relationships as being central to our understanding of how space is created and arranged.

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Feminist Geography

Front 99

The nearly complete fusion of a minority ethnic group with its larger host society.

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Functional Assimilation

Front 100

The societal norms and behaviors that are expected of males or females.

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Gender

Front 101

Originally, an Italian term for areas of cities where Jews were forced to live; more broadly, poor urban neighborhoods where minorities are concentrated.

Back 101

Ghettos

Front 102

The Chinese government practice of moving Han Chinese citizens into minority ethnic areas to dilute the importance of the minority culture.

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Hanification

Front 103

A measure of segregation that indicates how isolated two groups are from each other in a particular area or city.

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Index of Dissimilarity

Front 104

An ethnic group that reemerges after its importance faded or it was suppressed.

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Resurgent Identity

Front 105

The separation between or among different social or ethnic groups.

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Segregation

Front 106

A boundary created before an area is known or populated, often drawn with no recognition of the population living there.

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Antecedent Boundary

Front 107

The region where a boundary exists, unlike a boundary, which is simply a line.

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Border

Front 108

A region centered around the boundary between places, often containing a lot of cultural diversity.

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Berderland

Front 109

Factors, often negative, that tend to pull apart and disperse a population.

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Centrifugal Forces

Front 110

Factors, often positive, that tend to unify a bring together a population.

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Centripetal Forces

Front 111

Tribal groups that inhabited particular places but at the same time were less likely to demarcate rigid boundaries.

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Chiefdoms

Front 112

A system of small, city-centered states where political organization revolved around the city itself. People not engaged with agriculture lived in the city, while farmers resided in the surrounding hinterlands.

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City-State

Front 113

Nations based on shared principles, in contrast to ethnic regions, which are based more on cultural commonalities.

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Civic Nations

Front 114

Parts of an empire that are subordinate and have very little right to self-determination.

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Colonies

Front 115

The view that nations are artificial creations that result from modernization, elite aspirations, or a series of events that makes nationbuiliding a much more viable approach than anything else.

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Constructivism

Front 116

The policy that sought to limit Soviet advance to any countries not allied with the United States or Soviet Union, thereby containing Communist expansionism.

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Containment

Front 117

Used to dissect the ways state boundaries are perceived, relationships between states, and the ways the world is portrayed.

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Critical Geopolitics

Front 118

According to the notion of effective national territory, the legal area of the state that effectively controls and is not included in the legal area, or de jure area.

Back 118

De Facto Area

Front 119

According to the notion of effective national territory, the legal area of the state that effectively controls the territory, or de facto area.

Back 119

De Jure Area

Front 120

A trend in which colonies become independent from the states that colonized them after the United States declared its independence.

Back 120

Decolonization

Front 121

A government that is considered to rule with the consent of its people and, so, is internally legitimate but is not necessarily a government that is legitimate to other governments.

Back 121

Democracy

Front 122

A group that identifies with a particular homeland or territory but whose members are now disperses.

Back 122

Diaspora

Front 123

Marks the state legitimacy, which include sending out a state ambassador, establishing an embassy, and signing treaties.

Back 123

Diplomatic Relations

Front 124

The theory that looks at every political change in a country's government as a domino that causes other dominoes to fall in a chain reaction.

Back 124

Domino Theory

Front 125

The notion that the algal area, or de jure area, of a state is not coincident with the territory that it effectively controls, the de facto area.

Back 125

Effective National Territory

Front 126

Large political entities, made up of several culturally distinct regions held together by force, under the control of a single, dominant region.

Back 126

Empires

Front 127

Nations based on cultural commonality as opposed to civic nations, which are based on shared principles.

Back 127

Ethnic Nations

Front 128

Occurs where a minority national group is concentrated in a particular region of a country and may create small- or large-scaled difficulties, including demands for autonomy.

Back 128

Ethnoregionalism

Front 129

The expectation that a person is loyal to only one nation.

Back 129

Exclusivity

Front 130

A system based on the principles of personal allegiance and vassalage that results in a political organization not necessarily tied to complete territorial control.

Back 130

Feudal System

Front 131

An area at the edge of any type of effective political control or at the edge of settlement with edges that shift frequently with settlement advances or increasing military control.

Back 131

Frontier

Front 132

Lines drawn on a map without much interest in whatever natural or cultural features are present.

Back 132

Geometric Boundaries

Front 133

Regions that are formed by spatial contiguity and by political, military, cultural, and economic interactions between them.

Back 133

Geopolitical Regions

Front 134

The study of how geographical space-including the types of interrelationships between states, the different functions of states, and different patterns of states- affects global politics.

Back 134

Geopolitics

Front 135

The parts of the ocean in which no government has sovereignty.

Back 135

High Seas

Front 136

The distinct territory associated with a nation; however, unlike a state, the members of a particular nation may not be found in a territorially demarcated and contained area.

Back 136

Homeland

Front 137

Powerful loyalty to a nation that is expressed toward all the people of that nation.

Back 137

Horizontal Loyalty

Front 138

A view that nations emerge for a particular purpose, which meets the demands of a situation.

Back 138

Instrumentalism

Front 139

Boundaries within a country that separate substate units.

Back 139

Internal Boundaries

Front 140

A line that separates one state from another. Both sides usually have claims as to where the boundary should be located and it is rare to find an unattended boundary between two sovereign states.

Back 140

International Boundary

Front 141

Ethnoregional movements that do not seek to create their own independent country but, rather, to separate from their existing state in order to join a neighboring state.

Back 141

Irredentist Movements

Front 142

The standing or right of the government of a unit to rule a state's people or territory.

Back 142

Legitimacy

Front 143

The dominant part of an empire, distinguished from the subordinate colonies, which is normally the state that initiated colonization.

Back 143

Metropole

Front 144

States that are very small but are still considered to possess a certain degree of sovereignty, legitimacy, and territory.

Back 144

Microstates

Front 145

Heavily fortified boundaries that discourage the crossing of traffic, people, goods, and/or information.

Back 145

Militarized Boundaries

Front 146

A group that considers itself a nation but does not have control of the State

Back 146

Minority National Group

Front 147

A system composed of territories that are more closely controlled and integrated than political territories had been and that eventually replaced many different types of political forms.

Back 147

Modern State System

Front 148

A country that contains more than one nation, which is true for many countries.

Back 148

Multinational State

Front 149

A nation that encompasses more than one state in which the nations may or may not have control of the state.

Back 149

Multistate Nation

Front 150

A group of people who feel that they belong together as a polity for a number of reasons.

Back 150

Nation

Front 151

Include Houses, churches, parks, monuments, and all manner of things that help determine the national flavor of a place.

Back 151

National Landscapes

Front 152

The ideology that maintains that members of a nation should be allowed to serve their own sovereign state.

Back 152

Nationalism

Front 153

A state that contains a single nation that is not disputed by anyone inside or outside.

Back 153

Nation-State

Front 154

The ideal arrangement under nationalist ideology that every nation should have control over a state. Conversely, every political state should embody a specific nation.

Back 154

Nation-State Ideal

Front 155

Natural features that divide one country from another.

Back 155

Natural Boundaries

Front 156

After World War II, the countries that were not allied with either the Soviet Union or the United States.

Back 156

Nonaligned Countries

Front 157

Boundaries where crossing is unimpeded.

Back 157

Open Boundaries

Front 158

Organizational entities at several different spatial scales that aid the study of political geography. The most important of these is the country, or state.

Back 158

Political Unit

Front 159

The expectation that loyalty to a nation transcends that of other allegiances.

Back 159

Primary Loyalty

Front 160

The view that nations are organically grown entities, that the world is divided into different national groups that have persisted for sometime, and that nationalist movements represent an awakening of already significant identities.

Back 160

Primordialism

Front 161

A state with less actual sovereignty, such as the freedom to exercise its own foreign policy or even make internal changes.

Back 161

Satellite State

Front 162

In 1995, several European countries lifted all border controls between them, allowing for unimpeded access across international boundaries. It now includes most Western and Central European countries as well as many eastern European countries.

Back 162

Schengen Agreement

Front 163

An idea whereby members of a nation are allowed to form their own sovereign state.

Back 163

Self-Determination

Front 164

Regions that are politically fragmented and are often areas of competition between two ideological or two religious realms.

Back 164

Shatterbelts

Front 165

An indicator that a particular government has complete control and jurisdiction over a defined area.

Back 165

Sovereignty

Front 166

A country; the most important spatial scale unit in political geography.

Back 166

State

Front 167

A nation that has no state to call its own.

Back 167

Stateless Nation

Front 168

Boundaries created after recognized settlement. They are meant to separate existing, cultural groups and may signify an attempt to align the boundaries that exist between nations.

Back 168

Subordinate Boundaries

Front 169

An area in which government has some measure of sovereignty. Outside the boundaries, a government does not have sovereignty.

Back 169

Territory

Front 170

Institutions that help promote nationalist ideology and bring members of a nation together.

Back 170

Unifying Institutions

Front 171

Someone who must show fealty and pay some form of tribute to an overlord in return for being able to use the land.

Back 171

Vassal

Front 172

A political structure in which the people were expected to own allegiance to the ruler.

Back 172

Vertical Loyalty

Front 173

Dating from the treaty of Westphalia in 1648, a system based on the idea of a world composed of autonomous, clearly bounded, sovereign territorial states.

Back 173

Westphalian State System

Front 174

Found in a federation or confederation in which different constituent states possess different powers.

Back 174

Asymmetrical Federalism

Front 175

Also known as autocratic states; they concentrate political power in a single individual or clique.

Back 175

Authoritarian States

Front 176

Also known as authoritarian states; they concentrate political power in a single individual or clique.

Back 176

Autocratic States

Front 177

Areas of some countries that feel they ought to have a special statues party because of their cultural distinctiveness and are given more autonomy by their government.

Back 177

Autonomous Regions

Front 178

Political center and necessary component of every state. It may or may not be in the core, and there may be more than one in a country.

Back 178

Capital City

Front 179

The area around the capital city in a country.

Back 179

Capital Region

Front 180

An economy in which a wide variety of private concerns are dominant and the state is far less involved in the production of goods and services.

Back 180

Capitalist Economy

Front 181

Embodies the responsibilities and rights that some residents of a state possess.

Back 181

Citizenship

Front 182

State that assume nearly all economic and social functions and try to impose comprehensive control over economic activities.

Back 182

Communist Economy

Front 183

A capital of a country that is selected as a compromise between sectional interests within the country.

Back 183

Compromise Capital

Front 184

A system in which sovereign states agree to abridge some of their independent powers in order to work together as a group, but each state retains a great deal of sovereignty.

Back 184

Confederation

Front 185

The geographical theory in which the characteristics of people in a local area help determine their political preferences; questions the overall importance of place in shaping people's attitudes or behaviors.

Back 185

Contextual Effect (Neighborhood Effect)

Front 186

A place that can represent where the state and the dominant nationality emerge.

Back 186

Core Region

Front 187

A process that enables a central government to grant powers to lower administrative units.

Back 187

Devolution

Front 188

The case in which a person can be a citizen of two countries.

Back 188

Dual Citizenship

Front 189

Examines how people's political preferences are manifested in representation.

Back 189

Electoral Geography

Front 190

The view that governments , no matter what their political ideology of their constitution, are likely to support an elite class of people.

Back 190

Elite theories of the State

Front 191

Part of an entire country surrounded by another country.

Back 191

Enclave

Front 192

When a part of a state's territory is geographically separated by another country.

Back 192

Exclave

Front 193

A political economy that sought chiefly to enrich the ruler and the aristocracy and to maintain it's armies; common in early modern states.

Back 193

Extraction Economy

Front 194

States in which each of the subunits is granted an independent constitutional authority, which defines it's level of power, with the central state retaining greater sovereignty.

Back 194

Federal States

Front 195

Capitals that are intended to help move a population toward less populous areas.

Back 195

Forward Capitals

Front 196

Manipulation that concentrates the support of one party or one group of people in one district and dilutes their support throughout a number of other districts.

Back 196

Gerrymandering

Front 197

The introduction of a new city that can serve as a capital or to designate an existing smaller city as the new capital city, rather than use existing cities to form a capital region.

Back 197

Introduced Capitals

Front 198

Citizenship based on parents' citizenship regardless of place of birth; Latin for "right of blood."

Back 198

Jus San guinis

Front 199

Citizenship acquired through birth within a state's territory; Latin for "right of the soil."

Back 199

Jus Soli

Front 200

A system in which each party draws up a list of candidates in each electoral district, and people tend to vote for the parties rather than for the candidates themselves.

Back 200

List System of Proportional Representation

Front 201

A system in which elections are designed such that the winner must have a majority of the overall votes. For example, the top two candidates from the first round of voting compete directly against each other in the second round of voting.

Back 201

Majoritarian System

Front 202

Manipulation in which some electoral districts vary size even through they are equal in representation.

Back 202

Malapportionment

Front 203

Views of the state as a vehicle promoting capitalism and the capitalist class; also those who control production.

Back 203

Marxist Theories of the State

Front 204

Economies in which the government controls certain economic activities it considers key or appropriate to the public trust while leaving others in the hards of the private sector.

Back 204

Mixed Economies

Front 205

A system that combines both proportional voting and the plurality system.

Back 205

Mixed System

Front 206

Neoliberalism

Back 206

A set of policies that favor minimal government interference in markets and the promotion of free trade.

Front 207

A single individual or clique that holds concentrated power in an authoritarian or autocratic state.

Back 207

Oligarchy

Front 208

In contrast to core areas, these regions are at the edge of political control, recently integrated into the state, culturally distinct, or exclaves.

Back 208

Perepheral

Front 209

The view that the government is a neutral arbiter of all the different stakeholders.

Back 209

Pluralist Theory of the State

Front 210

The relationship among the state, the members of the state, and the economic activities contained within the state.

Back 210

Political Economy

Front 211

The division of territory into smaller, manageable pieces.

Back 211

Political Subunits

Front 212

In a capitalist, society, all the factories, firms, and offices responsible for producing goods and providing services not run by the state; includes all of the output produces by individuals working for themselves and privately owned businesses.

Back 212

Private Sector

Front 213

In a capitalist society, state-run functions including external relations, a system of adjudication or arbitration, and tax collection; includes all of the output produces by government at all levels.

Back 213

Public Sector

Front 214

All citizens have a say in all the issues pertaining to their community.

Back 214

Pure Democracy

Front 215

A complicated structure in which people elect representatives who are supposed to take the time to understand the issues and to represent their interests.

Back 215

Representative Democracy

Front 216

A special region, most common in the Americas, established as a territory for indigenous peoples. It usually represents just a fraction of the land that these peoples had previously occupied.

Back 216

Reservation

Front 217

A system in which an entire country or political subdivision is divided into electoral districts, each of which elects only one representative.

Back 217

Single Member Plurality System

Front 218

Political subunits that are granted different powers than those of regular subunits.

Back 218

Special Regions

Front 219

In monarchical, feudal, or imperial settings, the residents of the state. They are given few rights, despite their many obligations for military service, labor, and taxation.

Back 219

Subjects

Front 220

Theories used by geographers and other scholars to discuss how states operate, particularly those within democratic, capitalist systems.

Back 220

Theories of the State

Front 221

The type of autocracy that has been associated with ideologies of fascism, communism, and religious fundamentalism.

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Totaltarianism

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States in which nearly all of the sovereignty and power reside with the central government.

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Unitary States

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Precipitation that has elevated levels of sulfuric or nitric acid.

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Acid Rain

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The introduction of chemicals, biological matter, or particulates into the atmosphere.

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Air Pollution

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An undergrowth area with permeable rock that can contain water or allow water to pass through.

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Aquifer

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A statistically unusual concentration of cancer in a particular area.

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Cancer Cluster

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Destruction or contamination of ecosystems along lakes, rivers, or oceans.

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Coastal Pollution

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The ways in which a person's personality or attitudes toward nature, risk, or other factors might affect his or her reaction to a hazard.

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Cognitive Factors

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The study of how human societies adapt to local habitats and how traditional societies engage in farming or other primary activities.

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Cultural Ecology

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A hurricane in the Indian Ocean

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Cyclone

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The process of clearing a forest.

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Deforestation

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A violent shaking of the Earth caused by tectonic or volcanic activity.

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Earthquake

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Most commonly, the physical or natural conditions of an area.

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Environment

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The concept that environmental laws and regulations should apply to all areas, regardless of the racial or ethnic composition of a location.

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Environmental Justice

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How people perceive, feel about, and interact with the environment.

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Environmental Perception

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The deliberate placement of polluting industries or activities in minority areas because those communities are less able or likely to fight the polluters.

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Environmental Racism

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Fuels that are formed when organic matter deposited on the Earth's surface changed by pressure and time over thousands of years to form coal, oil, and natural gas.

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Fossil Fuels

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The Geographer (1911-2006) who pioneered research on natural hazards and human response to flooding.

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Gilbert White

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Refuse that poses a risk either to the environment or to humans.

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Hazardous Waste

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A strong cyclonic storm system with low pressure, strong thunderstorms, high winds, and rain; also known as a typhoon or cyclone.

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Hurricane

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Places where waste material is buried and covered with soil.

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Landfills

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A type of Mercury poisoning that came to prominence in the 1960s after decades of industrial pollution in the city of Minimata, Japan.

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Minamata Disease

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A logarithmic scale used for measuring the strength of an earthquake.

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Moment Magnitude Scale

Front 244

Environmental events such as floods, hurricanes, earthquakes, tornadoes, tsunami, mudslides, volcanic eruptions, and droughts.

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Natural Hazards

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An acronym for "Not in My Back Yard"; refers to things that communities need and want, such as powerplants and landfills, but that nobody wants in close proximity to his or her home.

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NIMBY

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Actions taken by a society, a political body, or individuals to reduce the risk of a natural hazard.

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Nonstructural Responses

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How quickly groundwater is replenished.

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Recharge

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Large areas of the Pacific Rim that are subject to volcanoes and earthquakes because of tectonic activity and their location along major crustal plate boundaries.

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Ring of Fire

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Realities such as where people are located, how old they are, their financial resources, and other truths that might affect a humans actual or perceived ability to deal with a possible hazard.

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Situation Factors

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Air pollution caused by sunlight reacting with or one released from cars, factories, and powerplants.

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Smog

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Essentially, garbage or trash, but it may include solid, semi-solid, or liquid refuse.

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Solid Waste

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Walls of wind-driven water caused by a hurricane or tropical storm. They can be meters or tens of meters higher than sea level.

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Storm Surges

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The building of physical structures, such as levees, to reduce the impact of a potential natural hazard.

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Structural Responses

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A US government program that identifies and attempts to clean up the worst pollution sites in the country.

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Superfund Program

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Violent rotating columns of air that are in touch with the surface of the Earth.

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Tornadoes

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Waste that poses a risk to human populations.

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Toxic Waste

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Large waves spawned by a massive displacement of water caused by volcanoes or earthquakes.

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Tsunami

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A hurricane in the northwestern Pacific Ocean.

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Typhoon

Front 259

The human alteration of natural water patterns, such as irrigation channels, aqueducts, reservoirs, and similar structures.

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Water Diversion

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Human contamination of water resources, such as lakes, rivers, and oceans.

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Water Pollution