Geography Test 1

Front 1

The first geographers were from where?

Back 1

Ancient Greece

Front 2

Who was the first geographer?

Back 2

Eatosthemes

Front 3

This exists both above and below the earth's surface?

Back 3

Geography

Front 4

What was the known world in Ancient Greece?

Back 4

Western Europe and Africa

Front 5

Who helped contribute to geographical knowledge?

Back 5

Sea captains, merchants, traders and military (such as Alexander the Great)

Front 6

What country super ceded Greece to become the greatest world power?

Back 6

The Roman Empire

Front 7

Who was the first great geographer and wrote "Geographica"?

Back 7

Ptolemy

Front 8

Where was the world's great depository of geographic knowledge located?

Back 8

Alexandria, Egypt

Front 9

What brought about the Dark Ages?

Back 9

Barbarians conquering the Romans

Front 10

How was the knowledge developed by the Roman's saved after being overthrown?

Back 10

Members of the new found Christian churches of Rome hid them.

Front 11

What were the languages of the wealthy and educated?

Back 11

Latin and Greek

Front 12

What invention changed the balance of only the rich being educated leading to the Renaissance?

Back 12

The Guttenburg Press

Front 13

Who traveled to Asia bringing back silks, gunpowder, and spices?

Back 13

Marco Polo

Front 14

What leads to the Age of Discovery?

Back 14

The Portugese open the pathway to the Far East by sailing around Africa.

Front 15

Who said the world wasn't flat?

Back 15

Gallileo

Front 16

Who agreed to fund Columbus' journey to China?

Back 16

King Ferdinand and Queen Isabel of Spain

Front 17

During the 18th century this person found Australia, New Zealand, and Hawaii?

Back 17

James Cooke

Front 18

All lands had been discovered (for the most part) by this time?

Back 18

End of the 18th century

Front 19

This became known as the century of technology?

Back 19

The 20th century

Front 20

This person was credited with dropping the first air bombs?

Back 20

Red Baron

Front 21

The was when the first parachutes were issued?

Back 21

1918

Front 22

What ended World War I?

Back 22

Treat of Versailles

Front 23

This was eliminated after WWI?

Back 23

Austo-Hungarian Empire

Front 24

What country does Russia and Germany agree to divide?

Back 24

Poland

Front 25

When did germany invade Poland?

Back 25

9/1/1939

Front 26

Germany eventually even attacks Russia. When?

Back 26

1941

Front 27

When was Pearl Harbor attack?

Back 27

Dec. 7, 1942

Front 28

What was D-Day?

Back 28

Invasion of Normandy (6/6/1944)

Front 29

These eventually replace what was known as map makers?

Back 29

Cartographers.

Front 30

This lends itself to highly accurate maps?

Back 30

Aerial photography

Front 31

From the end of WWII until the 1970's the US had this?

Back 31

A trade surplus

Front 32

These are the most used tool for spying?

Back 32

Satellites

Front 33

What is the gathering of data from a remote location such as aerial photography and satellite imagery?

Back 33

Remote sensing

Front 34

Cartographers are now focused on this?

Back 34

Mapping space/planets

Front 35

This is the set of instructions telling you how to interpret information on the face of a map?

Back 35

Legend

Front 36

This is the way to gain perspective on a map's area?

Back 36

Scale

Front 37

What are three types of scale?

Back 37

1. Representative fraction

2. Graphic

3. Verbal scale

Front 38

0 degrees latitude is this?

Back 38

The equator

Front 39

As you move away from the equator this happens?

Back 39

Parallels get smaller as you go toward N or S Poles

Front 40

Where is the aribtrarily selected Prime Meridian?

Back 40

Greenwich England

Front 41

What is the official time clock of the world?

Back 41

Clock tower at Royal Observatory in Greenwich (GMT-Greenwich Mean Time).

Front 42

Where does East meet West?

Back 42

1850 degrees west at International Date Line

Front 43

What is each degree of lattitude and longitude made up of?

Back 43

60 seconds

Front 44

Every map has this?

Back 44

A theme

Front 45

What are some theme maps?

Back 45

1. Physical

2. Economical

3. Cultural

4. Historical

5. Political

6. Blended themes

Front 46

This is a blend of Geology and Geography?

Back 46

Physical Geography

Front 47

What is the radius of Earth?

Back 47

6.380 km

Front 48

The study of what is below the Earth's surface is this?

Back 48

Geology

Front 49

The stud of what is above the Earth's surface is this?

Back 49

Geography

Front 50

What are the 4 spheres of Earth?

Back 50

1. Atmosphere

2. Biosphere (all living things)

3. Hydrosphere (Water)

4. Lithosphere

Front 51

This makes up 71% of Earth's surface?

Back 51

Hydrosphere

Front 52

The inside of the Earth is made up of this?

Back 52

1. Inner Core

2. Outer Core

3. Earth Mantle

4. Crust

Front 53

The solid inner core of Earth is made up of this?

Back 53

Iron and Nickel

Front 54

The outer core is this?

Back 54

Liquid

Front 55

This makes up most of the Earth's interor?

Back 55

Mantle

Front 56

Mantle is made up of this?

Back 56

Plasma (red stuff is Magma)

Front 57

90% of crust is made up of these elements?

Back 57

1. Oxygen

2. Silicon

3. Iron

4. Magnesium

5. Calcium

6. Potassium

7. Aluminium

8. Sodium

All other elements are trace elements.

Front 58

This is heavier than Granite?

Back 58

Basalt

Front 59

Oceanic Crust is thinner than?

Back 59

Continential Crust

Front 60

Oceanic Crust is made up of?

Back 60

Basalt

Front 61

Continental Crust is made up of?

Back 61

Granite

Front 62

What % of earth's crust is oceanic and what % is contiental?

Back 62

66 and 34

Front 63

What % of Earth is water?

Back 63

71%

Front 64

What % of continental crust is underwater? Why?

Back 64

1. 5%

2. Due to Global Warming/Polar Ice Caps Melting

Front 65

How many years of meterological data exists?

Back 65

150

Front 66

What caused the Ice Age?

Back 66

Period of extreme global cooling

Front 67

What causes extreme global warming and cooling according to Malakovich?

Back 67

The world has a "wobble" that over time causes changes in ocean current and wind speeds.

Front 68

What is Geologic Time?

Back 68

Where Earth's history is divided into distinct periods: Ex: Mesozoic Period

Front 69

The world is in a period of mild global warming known as?

Back 69

Trangression

Front 70

What is it when water evaporates and clouds build and reproduce rain onto earth?

Back 70

Hydrologic Cycle

Front 71

What are ice masses on land?

Back 71

Glaciers

Front 72

What is the period of global cooling when ice increases, exposing land by where water levels decrease?

Back 72

Regression

Front 73

What is a portion of a continent that has transgressed?

Back 73

Continental Shelf

Front 74

What is the average thickness of the Earth's crust?

Back 74

60 miles

Front 75

What is the average thickness of the Oceanic Crust?

Back 75

24 miles thick

Front 76

What is the average thickness of the Continental Crust?

Back 76

80 miles thick

Front 77

The Earth is fractured and made up of these?

Back 77

Plates

Front 78

Where plates are joined is known as this?

Back 78

Plate boundaries

Front 79

Volcanoes and Earthquakes occur here?

Back 79

Plate boundaries

Front 80

What is the world's largest plate (it is Oceanic)?

Back 80

Pacific

Front 81

What is the 2nd largest plate, which is also the largest continental plate?

Back 81

Eurasian

Front 82

Who was the 1st Paleoclimatologist to discover period of global warming and cooling?

Back 82

Dr. Alfred Wegener

Front 83

This say that all continents were 1 and then drifted apart? When was this theory able to be proven?

Back 83

Wegener's Theory of Continental Drift. 1960'a

Front 84

What was the name of the super-continent from when the earth's land mass was one?

Back 84

Pangaea

Front 85

Who developed the theory that states that if one section goes into motion another must move in response?

Back 85

Euclid

Front 86

What is the theory of all plates being in motion?

Back 86

Doctrine of Plate Tectonics

Front 87

What is the slowest moving plate?

Back 87

Antartic

Front 88

What are the types of plate boundaries?

Back 88

1. Convergent (coming together)

2. Divergent (drifting apart)

3. Transform (moving past one another)

Front 89

What forms mountain ranges?

Back 89

Diastrophism or when continental plates collide under great pressure.

Front 90

What is the oldest mountain range in US?

Back 90

In Arkansas

Front 91

What causes Oceanic Trenches?

Back 91

When oceanic plates collide pushing downward (most common plate boundary).

Front 92

What is a subduction zone?

Back 92

When continental and oceanic plates collide.

Front 93

What is an example of a divergent boundary?

Back 93

Mid-Atlantic Ridge

Front 94

What is a crustal upwarp?

Back 94

When continental crust flexes upward creating a ridge.

Front 95

All plate boundaries are this?

Back 95

Faults

Front 96

What is the fault that is located in SE portion of US?

Back 96

New Madrid Fault

Front 97

Where can earthquakes occur?

Back 97

At boundaries or near fault lines.

Front 98

How does a Richter Scale work?

Back 98

Earthquakes jumble sediment allowing it to be measured.

Front 99

These can occur outside of plate boundaries?

Back 99

Volcanoes

Front 100

What creates a volcanic island?

Back 100

The plum of magma rising toward the underside of Earth's crust burning through creating a pipe that erupts. When pressure subsides the magma in the plume crystallizes and becomes inactive/dormant.

Front 101

Why are volcanoes rare?

Back 101

Crystal plates are constantly moving away from stationary plumes.

Front 102

What is a volcanic island arc?

Back 102

Come from subduction complexes rather than plumes.

Front 103

What causes land masses to erode?

Back 103

Weathering

Front 104

What place in US has the most sinkholes?

Back 104

Florida

Front 105

What are the types of erosion?

Back 105

1. Aeolian (wind)

2. Water

3. Ice

Front 106

What is a layer of ice that rests on a land mass?

Back 106

Glacier

Front 107

These only form during ice ages? What are the only two that exist?

Back 107

1. Continental glaciers.

2. Greenland and Antartica

Front 108

Up to how deep is the ice in Antartica?

Back 108

4,000 meters

Front 109

These are what forms when glaciers extend over land and into the ocean?

Back 109

Ice Shelf

Front 110

This is when edges of an ice shelf break off, float way, and form icebergs?

Back 110

Calving

Front 111

When was the last major ice age?

Back 111

10,000 years ago

Front 112

These are granular ice that forms from partially melted snow that re-freezes forming glaciers?

Back 112

Firn

Front 113

This is a hydroxide mineral?

Back 113

Ice

Front 114

These can form during global cooling but also in very high altitudes?

Back 114

Alpine (Valley, Mountain) Glaciers

Front 115

For every 1,00 ft increased in altitude this occurs?

Back 115

Temp. decreases by 3 degrees Farenheit.

Front 116

What it is called when show spills out to the base of a mountain (foot of mtn)?

Back 116

Piedmont Glacier

Front 117

These form when glaciers melt?

Back 117

Kettle Lakes

Front 118

What are the 6 climates on Earth?

Back 118

1. Tropical Wet

2. Dry

3. Humid Mesothermal

4. Humid Cold

5. Polar

6. Mountain

Front 119

What are the sub-climates of the Tropical Wet climate?

Back 119

a. Tropical Rainforest (ex: Hawaii)

b. Tropical Savannah (ex: Florida Everglades)

c. Savannah

Front 120

What are the sub-climates of the Dry climate?

Back 120

a. Steppe (semi-arid)

b. Desert (arid)

Front 121

What are the subclimates of the Humid Mesothermal climate?

Back 121

a. Humid Subtropical

b. Marine West Coast (Ex: Oregon, Washington, Northern California)

c. Mediterranean (ex: Italy, Greece, Spain)

Front 122

What are the sub-climates of the Humid Cold Climate?

Back 122

a. Humid Continental

b. Sub-arctic (contain coniferous forests)

Front 123

What is the name of the world's biggest forest? Where is it located?

Back 123

Taiga in Russia

Front 124

What are the sub-climates of the Polar Climate?

Back 124

a. Tunda (contains perma-frost)

b. Polar Ice Caps

Front 125

What are the sub-climates of the Mountain Climate?

Back 125

a. Unclassified Highlands

Front 126

This is the study of social characteristics unique to a certain people within a geographic area?

Back 126

Cultural Geography

Front 127

What are the cornerstones of Cultural Geography?

Back 127

Language and religion

Front 128

What are innovations?

Back 128

New ideas and/or concepts.

Front 129

What is the point of origin for an innovation known as?

Back 129

Hearth

Front 130

What was the hearth of the Agricultural Revolution?

Back 130

Mesopotamia

Front 131

What is the spread of a hearth and innovation to other areas?

Back 131

Diffusion

Front 132

What are examples of physical barriers to diffusion?

Back 132

Mountains, Deserts, Oceans

Front 133

What is demography?

Back 133

Specialized branch that blends human geography with statistics.

Front 134

When did the population explosion begin?

Back 134

After 1800's due to the Industrial Revolution

Front 135

Where was the hearth of the Industrial Revolution?

Back 135

England

Front 136

What kept population low prior to 1800's?

Back 136

Death, War, Pestilence, Famine

Front 137

What was the life expectancy before 1800's?

Back 137

44

Front 138

What caused a major dip in the population around 1200?

Back 138

The Bubonic Plague. 1 of out ever 2 people in England died of it.

Front 139

What is carrying capacity?

Back 139

The finite resources available to feed/sustain a population.

Front 140

Has the US ever exceeded it's carrying capacity?

Back 140

No

Front 141

What helped England become the leader of the Industrial Revolution?

Back 141

It's abundance of Iron Ore and Coal, Educational Skills, World's wealthiest empire,

Front 142

What are the G8 Nations?

Back 142

1. US

2. UK

3. France

4. Italy

5. Germany

6. Canada

7. Japan

8. Russia

Front 143

What is a population cardogram?

Back 143

Shows the distribution of a population

Front 144

What led to zero population growth in the US during the 1970's?

Back 144

The pill becoming available as birth control.

Front 145

What is the greying effect?

Back 145

When there are few births and people are living longer.

Front 146

What is the US birth rate? Japan?

Back 146

1, 2.4

2. 1.4

Must be 2.0 or greater to replace existing population.