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12 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Mt. Etna 1 nature |
Europe's highest volcanoe 3350m Stratovolcano usually giving off basaltic lava, stromboli eruptions,african plate subducts beneath the eurasian plate |
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Mt. Etna 2 impacts |
Social - 77 deaths, lack of water supply due to springs ruined by lava, villa demand falls, Catania destroyed Economic - ski areas ruined, airports closed, roads destroyed, over 1000 farmland lost, tourist sreas ruined, Italian pledged tax breaks Environmental - loss of vegetation, animals, habitats, lahars after snowmelt, |
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Mt. Etna 3 responses |
Short term - 1000 people evacuated, earth dams erected to redirect lava flow, 2 major mines exploded to divert lava, airport closed, italian gov pledge £5.6 million in assistance Long Term - increased planning in emergency and evacuation, re-set up tourism industry, institute of vulcanicity helped methods of protection |
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Montserrat 1 nature |
25th july 1997 VEI (volcanic explosivity index) ranking of 4 7,000 out of 12,000 left and never came back Composite volcano - andesitic lava |
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Montserrat 2 impacts |
Primary - 2/3 of island covered in ash, floods due to valleys blocked by ash, farmland ruined, Plymouth (capital) became a ghost town, ports and airport closed, 50% population evacuated north to shelters, 23 deaths Secondary - traffic congestion in north led to increased pollution, transport links not fully repaired, tourism and farming industry stopped, unemployment at 50%, skills shortage due to emmigratiom |
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Montserrat 3 responses |
Responses - £41 million in aid from UK, the MVO was set up (Montserrat volcano oberservatory) to make a warning system, new risk assessments carried out by US scientists, money given to people to help move |
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Northridge '94 nature |
4:51am, 5-17km below ground, blind thrust fault, m=6.7 Pacific plate, North-American plate |
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Northridge '94 impacts |
Primary - 33 immediate deaths (57 overall), 11,000 land slides, liquefaction of soils, 90,000 homes destoryed, 200 bridges damaged, power lines and water services down. Secondary - power cuts retricts emergency services, looting occurs, valley fever disease, salvation army helping Long term effects - $12.5 bn insurance, unemployment issues, $49 in gov rebuilding costs, long term disability and illnesses |
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Northridge '94 impacts |
Salvation army providing 90,000 gallons of water etc Helicopters helping fire crews find issues, geologists get epicentre in 40 minutes (would've been 2 minutes if they had the technology we have today) A new strategy 3 P's (Prediction, Protection, Prevention) |
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Bam earthquake Iran |
5:26 am, m-6.6, strike slip fsult, city of Bam is in vast plain of desert, 26th december 2003, close to Eurasian, arabian plate boundary, |
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Bam earthquake impacts |
Primary - 50,000 buildings destroyed (80%), 26,271 deaths, 50,000 injured, 100,000 homeless, loss of clean water storags and irrigation Secondary - some of the injured people issues led to disability, NGO's helped like the Red Crescent (like the red cross), epidemic for diseases Long term effects - new building standards, drug addicts from depression, cost of rebuilding $1bn, temp. Housing set up, drills every year on 29th november in schools |
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Bam earthquake responses |
NGO's like red crescent, forign aid, management programmes set up, etc |
