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86 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Scientific Method |
QuestionHypothesisTheoryScientific Law |
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The 6 Kingdoms |
Eubacteria, Archaebacteria, Protista, Plantae, Animalia |
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Uniformitarianism |
James Hutton 1726-1797 “Present is the key to the past” Hewas a doctor, farmer, and geologist |
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Taxonomic Classifications |
o Lifeo Domaino Kingdomo Phylumo Classo Ordero Familyo Genes |
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Types of Fossilization |
Recrystallization, Permineralization, Dissolution and Replacement, Carbonization, Un altered remains |
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Unaltered Remains |
§ Very rare§ Found in glaciated regions and regions like theLaBrea§ Can get DNA from this§ Baby Ly |
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Permineralization |
o Original pore spaces are permeated with groundwatero Minerals o Cell structure can be preserved |
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Recrystallization |
o One mineral changes into anotherCalcite |
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Dissolution and Replacement |
o Water seeping through sedimentso Original materials dissolvesInternal |
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Carbonization |
o Often very thin black sheeto This occurs when only carbon of organism remainsCoal,graptolites |
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Taxonomic Groups |
Archeobacteria, Eubacteria, Protista, Fungi, Animalia, Plantae |
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Archeobacteria |
include methane-producing bacteria capable of living in harsh environments |
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Eubacteria |
consists of single or multi-celled organisms
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Protista |
Single-celled animal like organisms
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Fungi |
multicellular eukaryotes
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Animalia |
Animals, multicellular
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Planate |
Plants, multicellular
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Steno's Principles |
o 1638-1687o Superposition§ In undisturbed strata, the oldest is at thebottomo Principle of Original Horizontality§ Sediment is originally deposited in horizontallayerso Principle of Later Continuity§ Rock layers extend in all directions until thinsout or encounters a barrier |
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Lyell's Principles
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o Cross-counting relationships§ X-cutting relationships· Not knowing the exact year but knowing what camefirst, what came after· Relative datingo Principle of Inclusions§ Pieces of one rock in another rock |
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Smith Principle |
o Figured out that successive rock strata have distinctivefossilso 1700so Father of English Geologyo Fossil correlationo Index Fossils§ Easily recognized§ Widespread distribution§ Restricted to a limited thickness of strata§ No two species are the same |
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Absolute Age |
§ Tree Rings· Dating the tree due to the rings in the tree§ Varves· Form when a link is frozen part of the time· During the spring and the summer you haveorganics flowing in· Then the lake freezes over· All the left over floats out and settles· That’s how you count the age§ Glacial ice· Has lines in it· It is blue· Each line means a year· Ice melts making the line |
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Radiometric Dating |
§ Isotopes with unstable nuclei are called PARENTISOTOPES and undergo spontaneous change until a stable configuration is reached§ These are DAUGHTER ISOPTOPES§ Radioactive decay· The process of change |
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Half-Life |
The time required for ½ of a given amount of anyunstable nuclear parent elements to decay to more stable daughter elements |
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Types of Radioactive Decay |
Alpha, Beta, Gamma |
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Alpha Decay |
Decrease of 2 atomic numbers and 4 mass units |
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Beta Decay |
Increase in atomic numbers and no change in mass |
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Gamma Decay |
Electron capture Decrease in atomic number |
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Oldest to Youngest: Milkyway, fossils, humans |
Milkyway, fossils, humans
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Criteria to be a mineral
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o Occurs naturally as an inorganic solido Has a specific internal structureo Has a specific chemical composition§ Can exchange occasionallyo Has specific physical propertieso Minerals can be composed of one element or acombination of elements |
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Clastic
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§ Particles of rock that were deposited bystreams, glaciers, wind and marine currents§ Divided according to grain size |
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Non-clastic |
Precipitated chemically from withinwater bodies derived from BIOCHEMICAL origins or from |
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Metamorphic Rocks |
o Two main factorso Original structures of the rock are often nolonger recognizableo Rock often becomes harder, denser, and darkero Some minerals can remain the same but change insizeo New minerals are made§ Low end grade§ High grade |
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Types of Foliations |
§ Slatey cleavage§ Schistosity§ Gneissic § = leaf-like§ Any planer orientation on the rocks |
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Sedimentary environments |
Marine, transitional, continental |
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Sedimentary Structure |
o Mud crackso Cross-beddingo Graded bedso Ripple marks |
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Facies |
Part of a rock body that exhibitscharacteristics from specific depositional environments |
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deBuffon |
· First influential man to convince people thatevolution must have occurred· He defined the concept of species· Believed that the environment caused directvariation in offspring |
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E. Darwin |
· Grandfather of Charles· An animal experimenter· Saw many changes through ontogeny (development)caterpillar to butterfly· Belived that species become adapted towardstheir environment· Breeding changes through generation |
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Charles Darwin
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· Born Feb. 12, 1809 · 1831-1836 he sailed aboard H.M.S. Beagle, one ofearliest worldwide scientific cruises· Wrote “On the Origin of Species by NaturalSelection”· He notes that there is a great deal of variationamong individual members of a group· Some animals appear to be better “fit” thanothers· High rate of mortality because not all are bornto survive· Nature molds species, and throughout timepopulations become better fit to their individual environment and less fitanimals fail reproduce offspring as successfully- natural selection |
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Definition of a Species
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An interbreeding group of individuals thatcreates viable offspring§ Individuals within group are not identical-theyvary in characteristics§ Reproductive isolation of small subspecies iscritical to forming new species |
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Definition of Taxonomy |
§ The science of classifying organisms§ Species is the basic unit§ It is not only concerned with theclassifications of organisms but also with the criteria to identify specificgroups§ Any named grouping of organisms (genus, species)is a called taxon (plural taxa) |
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Homology |
§ Organs with different uses are sometime builtfrom the same parts§ Indicates that all have a common ancestor· Horse history§ This term is different that ANALOGOUS parts,which are organs with the same function but a different ancestryWingsof insects with bird and bat |
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Convergence of Species |
The evolution of similar forms in 2 or morebiological groups· Examples: marsupial mammals of Australia andother mammals§ Marsupial are the product of a biologicalradiation that took place on the isolated island continent in the Cenozoic EraDothe same things but are different |
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Vestigial Structures |
§ Nature’s imperfections§ Human have a stunted tail bone and an appendixwhich are now basically useless§ Whales and pythons have remnant hips and hindlegs buried deep within their bodiesHorseshave tiny splint bones remnants |
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Embryonic History |
All vertebrate embryos start out looking verysimilar, with gill slits and long tail |
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Allopathic Speciation and Sympatric Speciation |
§ Ernest Mayer (geneticist) published suggestedthat new species arose from a form of genetic isolation from main parentpopulation§ Speciation occurs when a small portion of thepopulation becomes separated by a geologic barrier§ This group may change enough so that when thebarrier goes away, the new group cannot interbreed with its original group-anew species is developed. This is called ALLOPATRIC SPECIATION (differenthomeland)§ This is in contrast with SYMPATRIC SPECIATIONwhere populations that live together are continually interbreeding and havelittle chance to speciate |
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FADs |
First Appearance Datam |
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LADs |
Last Appearance Datum |
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Paleogeography |
Distribution of ancient organisms§ Every species lives in a specific range ofconditions |
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P-waves |
§ Moves through liquids and solids§ Push-pull movement§ Compressional wave§ These change the volume of the rock§ First to arrive at seismic station |
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S-waves |
§ Only solids§ Oscillate back and forth perpendicular to thedirection of the wave travel§ Change shape of rockCausestrong movements |
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Surface Waves |
Only along surfaces§ Up and down and side to side motion§ Cause most of the damage at the surface |
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P-wave shadow zone |
§ When P waves interest with liquid iron in theouter core, the seismic waves are refracted |
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S-wave shadow zone |
S-Waves can not push through liquids § So, there is a much larger shadow zone for thistype of wave |
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Types of Crust |
Oceanic and Continental
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Oceanic Crust
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More dense Mafic |
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Continental Crust |
Felsic Less dense |
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Define Folds |
Rocks that bend with stress |
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Fold Basics |
Form from compression |
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Anticlines |
Arching folds Oldest rocks in the center |
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Synclines |
Trough folds Oldest rocks on the outside |
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Faults |
§ Reverse§ Normal§ Strike-slip§ Formed from either compression OR extension |
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Wegener |
§ First to seriously document continental drift§ Pangea· Laurasia and Gondwana |
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Index Fossils |
Are abundant, are widely spread, and lived during arelatively short interval of geologic time. Helpful in identifying time-rockunits and correlating them from area to area |
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Facies Fossils |
A part of a rock body that has characteristics from which wecan infer the depositional environment |
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Unconformities |
All the breaks in stratigraphic continuity |
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Disconformity |
Parallel strata are separated by an erosional surface |
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Nonconformity |
Nonparallel strata are separated by an erosional surface |
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Concept of Lithology |
Composition, texture, color, and so on |
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Mafic |
Dark in color |
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Felsic |
Light in color |
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Moh's scale of hardness |
TalcGypsum CalciteFluoriteApatiteOrthoclaseQuartzTopazCorundumDiamond |
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Walther’sPrinciple |
The vertical succession of the facies corresponds to thelateral succession |
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Isotopes |
Same number of protons, different number of neutrons
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Owen's Reaction Series
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Series of elements that tend to be together |
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Lamark |
Giraffe neck evolution |
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Linnaeus |
was a Swedish botanist whocreated the current system for classifying plants and animals. An example of Linnaeus is the founder of thetaxonomy system. |
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Biogeography |
the branch of biology that deals with thegeographical distribution of plants and animals. |
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Phenotype |
the set of observable characteristics of anindividual resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environment. |
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Genotype |
The genetic constitution of an individual organism |
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Wilson Cycles |
Theory on how tectonic plates were formed |
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CCD |
Carbonate Compensation depth |
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Genetic Isolation |
is population of organisms that has little geneticmixing with other organisms within the same species. This may result inspeciation, but this is not necessarily the case |
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Origin of Guyots |
Pacific Ocean |
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Punctuatedequilibrium |
is a theory in evolutionary biology which proposesthat once species appear in the fossil record they will become stable, showinglittle net evolutionary change for most of their geological history. This stateis called stasis. |
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Phyleticgradualism |
i,e,horseis a model of evolution which theorizes that mostspeciation is slow, uniform and gradual. When evolution occurs in this mode, itis usually by the steady transformation of a whole species into a new one(through a process called anagenesis). |
