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138 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are primary activities?
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related to harvesting or extracting something from the Earth
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What activities do primary activities include?
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hunting and gathering
subsistence agriculture nomadic herding extractive industries |
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What is the function of secondary activities?
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add value to raw materials by changing their form
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What activities are included in secondary activities?
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manufacturing, processing, canning, freezing, construction
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What are tertiary activities?
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provide goods and services to secondary activities
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What activities are included in tertiary activities?
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retail and wholesale, personal and professional services
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What are quaternary services?
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any other services, such as information, research and management
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What are the two types of subsistence economies?
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intensive
extensive |
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What are intensive subsistence economies?
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cultivation of small holdings (few acres)
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What are extensive subsistence economies?
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involves use of large areas of land (nomadic herding)
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What are some subsistence economies?
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hunting and gathering
nomadic herding shifting cultivation intensive rice farming |
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Where is Lapland?
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Europe, northern Norway, Finland
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Describe the process of shifting cultivation
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trees are girdled during dry season
forest is burned ash is used for fertilizer crops grow for 5 yrs family moves due to leeched nutrients |
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Where is shifting cultivation common?
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south and central America
Africa Indonesia |
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Where does shifting cultivation occur?
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tropical rainforest
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What is swidden also known as?
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slash and burn
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What is slash and burn also known as?
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swidden
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Rice farming is __ farming.
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intensive
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Where does terracing to accommodate rice farming occur?
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China, latin America, Bali, Indonesia
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What does von Thunen's model show?
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economic growth around a city
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In von Thunen's model, prices on land become ___ as you move farther from the center of a city?
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cheaper
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Costs near cities are ___.
Farm products tend to be of __ value in cities. |
higher
higher |
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Costs distant from cities are __.
Farm products tend to be of __ value. |
lower
lower |
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What is commercial agriculture?
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farming for profit, usually highly mechanized
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What are some types of intensive commercial agriculture?
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truck farming (lettuce, berries)
livestock |
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The corn belt is an example of what kind of agriculture?
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intensive commercial
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Dairy Farming occurs where in the US?
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the northeast and around the great lakes
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What are some types of extensive commercial agriculture?
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what farming
livestock ranching |
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Range livestock are located where?
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Ireland
india |
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What production occurs where in the US?
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north and mid US
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What are some special crops?
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tea
coffee bananas tobacco peanuts |
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What is Mediterranean Agriculture?
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crops that prefer longer growing seasons and can tolerate drought
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What is Plantation Agriculture?
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high value crops commonly grown in tropical wet climates for export
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What kinds of plants are grown as plantation agriculture?
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tea
coffee bananas tobacco peanuts |
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Where is tobacco grown?
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the southeast US
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Where are peanuts grown?
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south us
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What is a planned economy?
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production and prices are controlled by the government
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Who was Karl Marx?
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Wrote the communist manifesto
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What was the point of communism?
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to redistribute land to poor people; to correct the disparity between rich and poor
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Where are planned economies found?
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communist countries
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What is the goal of a communist country?
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adequate production of food
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Where are collective farms found?
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Ukraine, Korea
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What does Alfred Weber's model show?
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what factors are taken into consideration when manufacturers are trying to locate themselves in order to maximize profits
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What is the Mesabi Range?
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a major iron deposit in Minnesota that became depleted
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What is a Rust Belt?
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areas where steel is no longer manufactured
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Why did steel production decline?
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higher labor costs
lower concentration of iron in mines foreign competition |
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What kind of transportation is usually the cheapest?
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water
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High value, light items may be produced ___ economically.
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anywhere
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heavier materials require __ __ shipping.
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low cost
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What is outsourcing?
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producing parts, products or services abroad for domestic sale or use
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What is a maquiladora?
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Foreign-owned assembly plants in Mexico. Companies import machinery and materials duty free and export finished products around the world.
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What is NAFTA (North America Free Trade Agreement)
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limited or removed trade restrictions between the US, Canada and Mexico
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What are some imposed considerations?
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property taxes
income taxes corporate taxes environmental regulations zoning regulations |
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What are transnational corporations?
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corporations located in foreign countries, most are basedin Europe, US, Japan
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Where is most investment located for transnational corporations?
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South to Eastern Asia
Latin America |
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Where is manufacturing concentrated on a global scale?
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middle latitudes
northern hemisphere main in western Europe, northeast US, East Asia |
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Where are some oil refineries located?
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Alaska, Indonesia
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What are some places where textile industry is located?
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Hong Kong
Madagascar communist China Tanzania |
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What are the needs of the textile industry?
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low labor costs
large supply of unskilled labor transportation network |
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What kind services were most Americans employed in 150 years ago?
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primary
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What kind of services are most Americans employed in nowadays?
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tertiary
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What is a biosphere?
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regions of the Earth where life exists including land, soil, air and water
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What is an ecosystem?
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a population of organisms living in a particular area and the nonliving materials needed for survival
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What does the hydrologic cycle explain/
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circulation of water and how we get fresh water
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What is the Ogallala Aquifer?
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large aquifer in mid US
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What happened when the Kissimmee River was channeled to prevent flooding?
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wildlife destruction
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What happened to the Aral Sea?
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shrunk significantly due to water diversion for agriculture; it is now polluted with salt, fertilizers and pesticides
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What is responsible for disease around the Aral Sea?
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the streams feeding it are contaminated with microorganisms
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What are some causes of water pollution?
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fertilizers
biocides animal wastes industry mining municipalities and residences |
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Where is eutrophication common?
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residential areas
golf courses |
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How does eutrophication occur?
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lake contaminated by excess nutrients from fertilizers
algae grows out of control microogranisms absorb O2 fish in lake die from O2 depletion |
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What is the "dead zone" in the gulf of mexico caused by?
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eutrophication from the Mississippi River
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What are the chemicals used in agriculture that washes into surface water, ground water and oceans
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biocides
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What do pesticides do/
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kill insects, nematodes
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What do herbicides do?
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kill weeds
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What do fungicides do?
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kill mold and mildew
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What caused brittle eagle eggs?
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DDT, which is now banned
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What are some industrial wastes?
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mercury, PCBs, toxic chemicals
oilspills thermal pollution |
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What is thermal pollution?
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unnatural heating of water bodies
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What happened at Love Canal, Niagara Falls NY?
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The Love Canal landfill was used by Hooker Chem Co. and other chemical plants
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How much chemical waste was dumped at Love Canal?
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21,000 tons
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WHat happened at Times Beach, Missouri?
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Dioxin-contaminated oil was spread on the roads
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What is point-source pollution?
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waste piped directly into water bodies
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What happened at the Alaskan Oil Spill?
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Exxon-Valdez spilled in 1989
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What causes thermal pollution?
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nuclear power plants require water as a coolant
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Is it possible for sewage treatment plants to remove all contaminants?
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no
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What is strip mining?
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removal of Earth and the exposure of coal leads to pollution of local water bodies
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What is the major source of air pollution in the US?
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transportation
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What is a large source of air pollution in the world?
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volcanoes
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What is the 'dirtiest' type of fuel?
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coal
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What creates acid rain?
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burning of coal
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What is coal burned?
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industry or powerplants
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What type of acids are in acid rain?
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sulfuric
nitric |
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Water and soil becomes acidified from acid rain. What does this affect?
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wildlife may be susceptible to death
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Ozone and photochemical fog: how is it formed?
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gas forms at surface from chem rxns between pollutants in presence of sunlight
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What does ozone do in the upper atmosphere?
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reflects UV radiation
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What is happening to the ozone layer?
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thinning out
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Where is a hole in the ozone layer?
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over the antarctic
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What happens when people are exposed to increasing amounts of UV radiation?
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skin cancer
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What is the greenhouse affect
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earth's atmosphere has been warming up
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Why is the greenhouse affect occurring?
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growth in industry and transportation as well as widespread rainforest destruction - more greenhouse gases
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What is one greenhouse gas?
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CO2
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Why is CO2 a greenhouse gas?
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traps heat from the sun
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What are some exotic species?
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killer bees, hydrilla in FL, rabbits in Australia
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What are exotic species?
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humans bring new species to new places with unexpected consequences
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What trees are exotic species affecting in CT?
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chestnut blight
dutch elm disease |
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What waste disposal method is used most?
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landfills
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Which country produces the most waste per person?
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America
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Agriculture, mining and fishing are what types of activities?
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primary
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Industry, processing, canning and freezing are what type of activities?
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secondary
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Agriculture that uses a lot of land is called ___.
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extensive
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Name 3 commonly herded animals.
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goats, sheep, cattle
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Olives, figs and dates are what type of agriculture?
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mediterranean
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Name 3 plantation crops
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cotton
tobacco tea coco coffee rubber |
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What is one intensive subsistence agriculture?
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rice
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Which part of the US has the largest concentration of wheat (wheat belt)?
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great plains
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Most people in the US are employed in which sector of the economy?
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services
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Which model explains the value of crops vs location relative to cities?
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von Thunen
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Which model explains where industry locates based on transportation costs?
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Weber
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Which latitudes are most industrialized?
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middle
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Which country has a planned economy?
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China
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What is the dominant agriculture of the northeast US?
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dairy
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Which kind of farming includes lettuce, strawberries, fruits and vegetables?
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truck farming
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The relationship between plants, herbs and carnivores is known as what?
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the food chain
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Movement of water through the ground to the ocean to the atmosphere is known as what?
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hydrologic cycle
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Name 2 compounds responsible for acid rain
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sulfuric acid
nitric acid |
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An increase in nutrients in a water body is called ___.
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eutrophication
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Which sea/lake in central Asia is has shrunk to half of it's original size?
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Aral Sea
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Over which region is the ozone layer the thinnest?
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Antarctica
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Since CO2 absorbs heat, it is considered a ____ gas.
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greenhouse
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Today, coal is mined using the __ method.
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strip mining
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What kind of mines contain gold, copper and zinc?
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open pit mines
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What is the dominant source of air pollution in the US/
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Transportation
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In which water body is the "dead zone"?
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Gulf of Mexico
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What is the Ogallala?
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aquifer in the Great Plains
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The Kissimmee R is in which state?
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Florida
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What happened to the Kissimmee River?
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channeled to control flooding and provide more agricultural land
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Which two trees in CT are infected with a disease from exotic species?
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elm
chestnut |
