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43 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Describe Sexual Reproduction and what it requires. |
Requires the fusion of gametes and these gametes must undergo reduction division. |
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What are Germ-Line Cells? |
Cells that will become gametes |
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What are Somatic Cells? |
All other cells in a multi-organism |
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Where does meiosis occur? |
Only occurs in germline-cells. |
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Meiosis 1, give the steps |
Prophase 1, Metaphase 1, anaphase 1, telophase 1 |
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What occurs in Prophase 1? |
1.DNA condenses 2.Nuclear envelope disintegrates 3.Spindle Fibers Form 4.SYNAPSIS-homologous chromosomes pair up base pair to base pair 5.Crossing over and Recombination occurs - Important for genetic diversity and sister chromatids are now identical. |
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What occurs in metaphase 1? |
1. Chromosome pairs are now at the center of the cell. 2. Line up in random orientation another source of genetic diversity. |
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What occurs in Anaphase 1? |
1. Homologous chromosomes separate 2. chromosomes moves to opposite poles. |
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What occurs in Telophase 1? |
1.Homologous chromosomes have moved to opposite poles. 2. Nuclear membrane reforms 3. Cytokinesis may occur |
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Name the steps in Meiosis 2. |
Prophase 2 Metaphase 2 Anapphase 2 Telophase 2 |
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What occurs in prophase 2? |
Everything that happens in mitosis occurs in meiosis 2. |
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What is Cohesin? |
-It is a protein that holds sister chromatids together -Breaks down in metaphase in meiosis 2 and mitosis to allow them to separate. * Doesn't occur in meiosis 1 because it is protected by Shugoshin |
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Making Sperm; where does it occur and name each cell name along the way. |
Occurs in the testis Germ cell --> Primary spermatocyte (Mitosis) Primary spermatocyte --> Secondary (Meiosis 1) Secondary --> Spermatids (Meiosis 2) Spermatids --> sperm (gets a tail and ditches most of cytoplasm) |
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Producing Eggs; Where does it occur and name each cell type along the way. |
Occurs in the ovaries Germ Cells --> Primary oocyte (Mitosis) Primary oocyte --> Secondary (Meiosis 1) Secondary --> Egg + polar body (Meiosis 2) |
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What are polar bodies? |
Eggs are built for nourishment, so the cytoplasm will divide unequally giving the egg the majority of the cytoplasm after each division. |
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Female Facts needed to know |
-Meiosis 1 begins 2-3 months after gestation -Females born with all primary oocytes -one oocyte per mestrual cycle after completion of meiosis 1 -Only goes to meiosis 2 if fertilized |
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Embryos during the 1st 8 weeks, what happens? |
-Electrical charge on oocyte surface prevents other sperm from penetrating -2 nuclei fuse and form a zygote -Cleavage begins - Implantation occurs ~1 week after fertilization and human chorionic gonadotropin is secreted |
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What is a Genotype? |
The genetic makeup of an organism |
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What is a phenotype? |
Observable properties of an organism. This is the product of the genotype and the environment. |
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What is a Gene? |
It is the fundamental unit of heredity, an inherited factor that dictates a particular trait. |
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What is an Allele? |
Different forms of a gene, individuals may be heterozygous or homozygous. |
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What is a Locus? |
Physical location on chromosome where a gene is located. |
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Morphological vs molecular phenotypes. |
Morphological can be seen, ie. eye color. Molecular, why are eyes blue and green? How do brown eyes differ from blue molecularly? |
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Who was Gregor Mendel? |
-Austrian Monk -Studied at the University of Vienna -Studied Pisum Sativum (peas) -Reported studies in 1865 and were ignored until 1900's. |
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What are "true breeding" plants? |
Plants that are homozygous. |
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What are monohybrid crosses? |
-Performed by Mendel -Parents only differ in one trait. -Consists of a P generation, F1, F2 F3, F4, ... Fx -Parent generation to first filial and so on. Mendel found that no difference in F1, but F2 a recessive trait appeared. |
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What are Mendels Four Postulates? |
1. Genetic traits are controlled by factors (genes) that exist in pairs within individual organisms. 2. When a pair consists of different forms, one factor is dominant to the other. 3. During gamete formation, the paired factors separate randomly into gametes. 4. Independent Assortment; during gamete formation pairs of factors assort independently of each other. |
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Know how to do punnett squares!!! |
Seriously. |
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What is a test cross? |
When there is a cross with a known homozygous recessive subject. RrYY x rryy |
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What is a dihybrid cross? |
When there are two genotypes crossed at the same time.
RRYY x RrYy |
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Know how to do branch crosses! |
They're simple faster...seriously |
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What is probability? |
Prob=1 event is certain Prob=0 event is impossible Prob = # of favorable cases / # of possible cases |
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What is the addition rule? |
The probability of either one of two independent, mutually exclusive events, occurs is the sum of their individual probabilities. "Either Or" Roll a die 4 or 6? = 2/6 |
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What is the multiplication rule? |
It is the probability of 2 independent events occurring simultaneously. When one result has no influence on the second result. "And" Roll a 6 and then a 4? = 1/36 |
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Chi Square analysis Chart |
Obtained -- Expected -- (o-e)^2 --- (o-e)^2/e |
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What does Degrees of Freedom equal? |
N-1 tomato color. Red, yellow, orange, green d.f=3 |
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What is Codominance? |
Both phenotypes are expressed. For example, ABO blood system in humans A type, B type, AB type, and O type |
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What is incomplete dominance? |
-Phenotype of heterozygote is somewhere in between that of either homozygote - Chickens, Black chicken + White Chicken = blue/grey chicken. |
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What is penetrance of a gene? |
Probability that a disease phenotype will appear if the genotype is present. For example, One parent has a bad recessive gene. If this gene is present, even if recessive, it can penetrate and become expressed. |
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What is expressivity of a gene? |
The range of phenotypes with a given genotype. Meaning, how severe is the trait? Can be seen with autism and other mental illnesses. |
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What is epistasis? |
Greek word meaning "standing above" Occurs when 1 gene masks the effects of another. to find look for a variation in 9:3:3:1 Black Lab, Chocolate Lab, Yellow Lab |
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What are Lethals? |
Cause breeding to now be true. For example, Yellow Mice... YY=Dead Yy=Yellow yy=non-yellow Dwarfism in humans |
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Describe Mitochondrial Inheritance |
-Mitochondria contain DNA with 37 genes. -Mitochondrial DNA is maternally inherited/ -mtDNA mutates faster than nuclear DNA because there are no repair enzymes, lots of radicals, and no crossing over. -Diseases effect muscle and vision. |
