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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Blending Theory |
believe that factors that control hereditary traits are malleable, and can blend together throughout generations |
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Why Mendel was successful |
1. Chose a suitable organism (pisum satvium) 2. Took time to ensure pure breeding 3. Concentrated on one or a few discontinuous characters 4. Adopted quantitative form of analysis |
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Mendels experimental system |
Selected 7 traits that had two distinguishable characteristics each and used cross-fertilization and self-fertilization |
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Cross-fertilization |
Pollen and egg derived from two different plants |
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Self-fertilization |
pollen and egg derived from same plant |
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monohybrid crosses |
employs law of segregation, and is a single factor cross |
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Reciprocal cross |
where dwarf plants were pollinated using pollen from tall plants |
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alleles |
two discrete hereditary factors that are inherited by each parent |
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homozygous |
identical alleles |
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heterozygous |
different alleles |
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Dominant trait |
is seen |
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Recessive |
is usually not expressed, unless both recessive inherited |
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Mendel's First Law/Principle of Segregation |
Gamete formation: involves the paired factors segregating randomly so that half of the gametes achieved one factors and the other receives the left over half |
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homozygous dominant |
XX |
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heterozygous dominant |
Xx |
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heterozygous recessive |
xx |
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genotype |
the specific allelic composition of an individual |
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phenotype |
the physical appearance of an individual; is a product of genotype and environment |
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Test-cross |
an organism with known phenotype but unknown genotype is crossed with an organism that has the recessive phenotype |
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dihybrid cross |
two factors/alleles 9:3:31 result (3*1)(3*1) |
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monohybrid cross |
one factor/allele 1:3 (3*1) |
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fork-line method |
treat each gene separately, and use fractions not effective if genes are linked |
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number of possible gametes formed by parent |
2^n |
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number of different genotypes in zygotes |
3^n |
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number of different phenotypes produced |
2^n |
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proportion of homozygous recessive in f2 |
(1/4)^n |
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Product Rule |
Independent events; AND; multiplication |
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Sum Rule |
mutually exclusive events; OR; addition |
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non mutually exclusive events |
+ - [*] |
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Chi square analysis |
Only works if... dominance/recessive alleles true complete segregation independent assortment random fertilization |
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Chi square formula |
= Sum[(O-E)^2/E] |
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X^2 values |
high = bad, more than random chance factoring in low = good, likely random chance |
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Degrees of freedom |
n-1 |
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p values |
if p is more/equal to 0.05 accept null if p is less than 0.05 reject null, statistically significant data |
