Chapter 2 (Genetics Vocab)

Front 1

Section: Alleles at an Single Locus

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Front 2

An individual with 2 different alleles of a gene

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Heterozygous

Front 3

The change in genetic composition of a population resulting from the selection of individuals possessing DNA variants that make them particularly suited to survive and reproduce in an given environment

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Evolution

Front 4

Both parental phenotypes are expressed in the F1 Hybrids

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Codominance

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The most common allelic form of an gene

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Wild type

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This type of allele produces no functional product whatsoever

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Null

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One gene affecting more than one phenotype (Aka multiple traits)

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Pleiotropy

Hint 7

From Greek “Pleion” meaning “more”

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The chemical and physical reactions that convert sources of energy and matter to feel growth and repair within a cell

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Metabolism

Front 9

An Individual with two identical alleles in a gene

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Homozygous

Front 10

In this allelic relationship, an heterozygote expresses the phenotype of only one allele and is indistinguishable from an individual which is homozygous for that allele

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Complete dominance

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An heritable change in a gene

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Mutation

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Organisms whose characteristics (example short generation time) facilitate experimental laboratory research

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Model organisms

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In this allelic relationship heterozygote is distinguishable from individuals homozygous for either allele, typically because of haploinsufficiency

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Incomplete dominance

Hint 13

haploinsufficiency = A situation in which the total level of a gene product (a particular protein) produced by the cell is about half of the normal level and that is not sufficient to permit the cell to function normally.

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The entire collection of chromosomes in each cell of an organism

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Genome

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Basic unit of biological information; specific segment of DNA in a discrete region of a chromosome that serves as a unit of function by encoding a particular RNA or protein

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Genes

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The heterocycle resembles neither homozygote neither allele is clearly dominant

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Incomplete dominance

Front 17

Environmental conditions that allow conditional lethal to live/show the wild type phenotype

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Permissive condition

Hint 17

Like “Permission to live”

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Organelles that package and manage to storage duplication expression and evolution of DNA

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Chromosomes

Front 19

A genetic change which has no effect on phenotype

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Silent mutation

Front 20

In this allelic relationship, an heterozygous individual expresses this phenotype of both alleles simultaneously

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Codominance

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Heritable changes in DNA sequence

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Mutation

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Analytic relationship where one allele is expressed to a much lesser degree than the other Allele in an heterozygote

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Recessive

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All the observable characteristics of an organism resulting from its genotype and how it interacts with the environment

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Phenotype

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The alleles of one gene mask the effect of alleles of another gene

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Epistasis

Front 25

The change in the genetic composition of a population resulting from the selection of individuals possessing DNA variants that make them particularly suited to survive and reproduce in a given environment

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Evolution

Front 26

The flow of information from DNA to RNA to protein

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Central dogma

Front 27

Literally “location”; as in the chromosomal location where a specific DNA sequence or gene is found

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Locus

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Any complex network of interacting molecules or groups of cells that function in a coordinated matter through dynamic signalling

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Biological system

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All the observable characteristics of an organism genotype and how it interacts with the environments

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Phenotype

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less than 100 percent of the individuals possessing a particular genotype express it in their phenotype

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reduced penetrance

Hint 30

People who show signs and symptoms of an genetic disorder....like ppl with mutation who don't show signs of the disorder

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a genotype that is lethal in some situations (e.g., high temperature) but viable in others

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conditional lethal

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Large polymers composed of hundreds to thousands of amino acid subunits strung together in long chains.

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proteins

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Section: Pedigree Analysis

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😉

Front 34

This rule is used to determine the joint probability of two independent events based on their individual probabilities (sometimes considered an "AND" event).

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product rule

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A rule which states that the combined probability of two independent events can be determined by combining their individual probabilities (sometimes considered as an "OR" event).

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sum rule

Front 36

An endosymbiotic organelle found only in plants and which carries a genome. Genes in this genome do not demonstrate Mendelian inheritance.

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chloroplast

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This form of inheritance occurs when a particular trait is caused by an allele that does not show in the phenotype of a heterozygote and is located on a sex chromosome.

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X-linked recessive

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This is the proper term that describes symbols in a pedigree which are darkened.

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affected

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The abbreviation for DNA found in a mitochondrion.

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mtDNA

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This form of inheritance occurs when a particular trait is caused by an allele that dictates the phenotype in a heterozygote and is located on a sex chromosome.

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X-linked dominant

Front 41

This blood disorder is typically used as an example to show an X-linked recessive pattern.

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hemophilia

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An inheritance pattern which is typically solely maternal due to passing along a particular endosymbiotic organelle.

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mitochondrial inheritance

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On occasion, the entire genome of a cell replicates but no cell division occurs.

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endopolyploidy

Hint 43

Basically like polyploidy occurs in some tissues of animals that are otherwise diploid, such as human muscle tissues

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A profession which uses probabilities, pedigrees, inheritance, and molecular biology to determine the likelihood of passing along traits.

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genetic counseling:

Front 45

This form of inheritance occurs when a particular trait is caused by an allele that dictates the phenotype in a heterozygote and is located on a sex chromosome.

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X-linked dominant

Front 46

Another term for a heterozygote, reflecting its ability to pass a particular allele to offspring.

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carrier

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This form of inheritance occurs when genes are passed from all fathers to all sons and never to daughters.

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Y-linked

Front 48

A situation whereby some individuals with a particular genotype do not show the expected phenotype at all.

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incomplete penetrance

Hint 48

Penetrance refers to the likelihood that a clinical condition will occur when a particular genotype is present.

Front 49

A visual display, often using boxes and circles, to show inheritance patterns in a family.

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pedigree charts

Front 50

This form of inheritance occurs when a particular trait is caused by an allele that does not show in the phenotype of a heterozygote and is not located on a sex chromosome.

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autosomal recessive

Front 51

An inheritance pattern whereby a particular genotype may manifest as a variety of phenotypes.

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variable expressivity

Hint 51

interpretation: it can have "variance in expression"

Front 52

An endosymbiotic organelle found in nearly all eukaryotes and which carries a genome. Genes in this genome do not demonstrate Mendelian inheritance.

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mitochondrion

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Section: Mendel's Laws

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🧶

Front 54

What the organism looks like.

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phenotype

Front 55

The degree to which an affected individual displays the phenotype associated with that individual’s genotype.

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expressivity

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This branch of genetics tries to resolve questions about genetics that involve RNA, DNA, proteins, and the interactions of these which lead to expression of genetic information.

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molecular genetics

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This branch of genetics often focuses on inheritance patterns, and is performed using controlled matings of select individuals.

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classical genetics

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This kind of cross involves one individual who carries only recessive alleles and is useful to create offspring with a known genotype.

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test cross

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The allele that controls the phenotype in the heterozygous genotype.

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dominant

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This is the name of the recessive individual in a testcross.

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tester

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Although each individual has only two alleles of a gene, many alleles of the gene may exist in the population.

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alleleic series

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A type of cross that examines whether the parents in the cross are alleleic for their mutations or if two different genes are involved.

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complementation test

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An allele of one gene hides the effects of different alleles at a second gene.

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epistasis

Front 64

the cross of an individual of ambiguous genotype with a homozygous recessive individual.

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testcross

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The progeny of a dihybrid cross can reveal useful information about the genes being investigated because they do not fit standard dominant/recessive relationships. Dihybrid crosses of hets add up to 16, though, leading to this term.

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modified Mendelian Ratios