Genetics C-11-13

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Saccharomyces cerevisiae

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Scientific name for budding yeast

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Caenorhabditis elegans

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Scientific name for soil nematodes

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Drosophila melanogaster

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scientific name for drosophila flies

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Arabadopsis thaliana

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plamt that's a member of the mustard family

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lineage diagram

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diagram of cell lineages and their developmental fates

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cell fate

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pathway of differentiation that a cell normally goes through

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autonomous cell fate

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cellular differentiation determined intrinsically and not dependnent on external signals or interactions with other cells

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positional information

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developmental signals transmitted to a cell by virtue of its position in the embryo

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loss of function

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a mutation that emliminates gene function ; also called called a null mutation

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gain of function

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mutation in which a gene is overexpressed or inappropriately expressed.

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maternal effect genes

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a gene that influences early development through its expression in the mother and the presence of the gene product in the oocyte.

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zygotic genes

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any of a group of genes that control early development through their expression in the zygote.

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segmentation genes

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any of a group of genes that determines the spatial pattern of segments and parasegments in drosophila development

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coordinate genes

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any of a group of genes that establish the basic anterior-posterior and dorsal-ventral axes of the early embryo.

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gap genes

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any of a group of genes that control the development of contiguous segments or parasegments in drosophila such that mutations result in gaps in the pattern of segmentation

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pair rule genes

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any of a group of genes active early in drosophila development that specifies the fates of alternating segments or parasegments. Mutations in pair rule genes result in loss of even numbered or odd numbered segments or parasegments

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segment polarity genes

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any of a group of genes that determines the spatial pattern of development within the segments of drosophila larvae.

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imaginal disks

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structures present in the body of insect larvae from which the adult structures develop during pupation.

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homeotic genes

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any of a group of gene4s in which a mutation results in the replacement of one body structure by another body structure.

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MADS box transcription factor

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a common sequence motif consisting of 58 amino acids. Involved frequently in transcriptional regulation in plants and to a lesser extent in animals.

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Flower ABC model

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a model of floral determination in which a unique combination of gene activities present in each whorl of the floral meristem results in the differentiation of a distinct organ in the mature flower.

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Permissive conditions

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an environmental condition in which the phenotype of conditional mutation is not expressed; contrasts with the nonpermissive or restrictive condition.

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restrictive conditions

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a growth condition in which the phenotype of a conditional mutation mutation is expressed.

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temperature sensitive mutation

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a conditional mutation that causes a phenotypic change only at certain temperatures

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dynamic mutation

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mutations in certain genetically unstable tandem repeats that increase or decrease in repeat numbers at a relatively high rate.

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replication slippage

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the process in which the number of copies of a small tandem repeat can increase or decrease during replication

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transposon

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a transosable element that contains bacterial genes

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LTR retrotransposon

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a type of transposable element that transposes via an RNA intermiediate that has long terminal repeats (ltr's) in direct orientation at its ends.

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non-LTR retrotransposon

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a type of transposable element that transposes via an RNA intermediate that lacks terminal repeats at its ends.

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SINE

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a type of transposable element lacking long terminal repeats that undergoes transposition via an RNA intermediate; the acronym SINE stands for short interpersed element.

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LINE

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a type of transposable element lacking long terminal repeats that undergoes transposition via an RNA intermediate; the acronym LINE stands for long interspersed element

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CIB method

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a genetic procedure used to detect x linked recessive lethal mutations in drosophila melanagaster; so named because one x chromosome in the female parents is marked with an inversion (c), a recessive lethal allele (l), and the dominant allele for Bar eyes (B)

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DNA uracil glycosylase

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an enzyjme that removes uracil bases when they occur in double stranded DNA

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depurination

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removal of purine bases from DNA

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mutagen

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an agent that is capable of increasing the rate of mutation

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alkylating agent

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an organic compound capable of transferring an alkyl group to other molecules.

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intercalating agent

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ionizing radiation

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removal, from duplex DNA, of a single stranded region in which a nucleotide pair does not form proper hydrogen bonds, followed by replacement with a region of newly synthesized DNA using the intact strand as a template.

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mismatch repair

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removal, from duplex DNA, of a single stranded region in which a nucleotide pair does not form proper hydrogen bonds, followed by replacement with a region newly synthesized DNA using the intact strand as a template.

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aprymidinic site

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apurinic site

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AP endonuclease

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an endonuclease that cleaves a DNA strand at any site at which the deoxyribose lacks base

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excision repair

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type of DNA repair in which segments of a DNA strand that are chemically damaged are remooved enzymatically and then resynthesized, using the other strand as a template

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replication repair

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ames test

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a bacterial test for muagenicity; also used to screen for potential carcinogens

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Cell division cycle mutant

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a mutant whose phenotype is to arrest the cell cylce at a specific and reproducible point

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cyclin

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one of a group of proteins that participates in controlling the cell cycle. Different types of cyclins interact with the p34 kinase subunit and regulate the G1/S and G2/M transitions. The proteins are called cycclins because their abundance rises and falls rhythmically in the cell cycle.

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cyclin-dependent protein kinase

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any number of proteins that are activated by combining with a cyclin and that regulate the cell cycle by phophorylation of other proteins.

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cyclin-CDK complex

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protein complex formed by the interaction between a cyclin and a cyclin-dependent protein kinase (CDK)

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Phosphatase

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enzymes that dephosphorylate proteins that the cyclin dependent kinases have phosphorylated, reversing the effects of CDK's.

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Retinoblastoma protein

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any of a family of proteins found in animal cells that functions to hold cells at the G1/S restriction point ("start") by binding to and sequestering a transcription factor that intiates the cell cycle

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anaphase-promoting complex

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a ubiquitinprotein ligase that targets proteins whose destruction enables a cell to transition from metaphase into anaphase.

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dna damage checkpoint

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a mechanism that arrests the cell cycle while damaged DNA remains unrepaired.

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p53 transcription factor

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a key protein that helps regulate a mammalian cell's response to stress, especially to DNA damage.

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apoptosis

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genetically programmed cell death

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programmed cell death

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cell death that happens as part of the normal cellular response to damage or as part of the normal developmental process. (aka apoptosis)