Genetics: Biology

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Phenotypic Ratio

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this shows the probability that the offspring of two particular parents will have certain traits

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Punnett Square

Back 2

this is a graphic organizer that displays the possible zygotes formed from possible gametes

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Genotypic Ratio

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This shows the probability that the offspring of two particular parents will have certain genes

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Gregor Mendel

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This was an Australian monk who was the first to discover the principles of heredity
Bred pea plants in the Monastery Gardens to experiment on

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Law of Independent Assortment

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this states that it is random which alleles are passed on to which gametes during meiosis

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Law of Dominance

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This states that some alleles are capable of masking others

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Homozygous

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This describes an organism that has two copies of the same version of a gene

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Law of Segregation

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this states that a parents alleles are separated into different gametes during meiosis

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Heterozygous

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this describes an organism that has two different versions of a gene

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Genotype

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This is the actual combinations of genes an organism has

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Phenotype

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this is the set of traits that an organism has, given its genes

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Allele

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This is one version or flavor of a gene

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Genetics

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This is the scientific study of heredity

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Recessive

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This is a type of allele that requires two copies in order to be seen over another allele

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Dominant

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this is the type of allele that is able to mask other alleles. It only needs one copy to be seen

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Heredity

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This is the passing of traits from parents to offspring

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Gene

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This is a unit of DNA that codes for a particular trait

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Trait

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this is the physical characteristic of an organism that is coded by a gene

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Reginald Punnett

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English biologist who in 1905, devised a way to genetically represent traits

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Types of Punnett Squares

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Monotybrid- 1 trait
Dihybrid- 2 traits
Trihybrid- 3 traits

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Autosomes

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True homologous chromosones
Humans have 22 autosomes

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Sex Chromosones

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2 chromosones that are different in size and shape and determine the persons gender (X and Y)

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Sex Linkage (X- linked)

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if a recessive allele is located on the x-chromosone, then the trait most likely be expressed in males

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Carrier

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When a woman has a recessive trait on her x-chromosome
Ex. color blindness, muscular distrophy, pehemophelia, baldness

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Karyotype

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chart of a persons chromosomes used to find genetic problems

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Pedigree

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Chart that shows how a trait is passed from generation to generation

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Non-Disjunction

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homologous chomosomes dont seperate during meiosis

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Monosomy

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when a person is missing 1 chromosome or part of 1
ex. Crit du chat

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Trisomy

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when an organism has one extra chromosome
ex. downs syndrome (which is caused by an extra #21 chromosome)

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Blood Type: A

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Dominant
Ia Ia or Ia i
Protein A

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Blood Type: B

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Dominant
Ib Ib or Ib i
Protein B

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Blood Type: O
(Universial Donor)

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Recessive
ii
No proteins

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Blood Type: AB
(Universal Receiver)

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Co-Dominant
Ia Ib
Protein A
Protein B

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PCR
Polymerase Chain Reasction

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A way to take a small amount of DNA and turn it into a large amount of DNA

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Medicine

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Small amounts of DNA can be used to detect viral infections like HIV and hepatitis

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Ecology

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endangered animals can be identified and protected form poachers

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Forensics

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missing people or vicitims or disasters can be identified, like the victims of 9/11

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Taxonomy

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scientists can determine if they have found a new species

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Anthropology

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DNA of different groups of people show scientists how humans have migrated around the world

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What is the difference between a dominant trait and a recessive trait?

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A dominant trait is one that masks others while a recessive trait does not

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What is the difference between homozygous dominant and homozogous recessive?

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Homozygous dominant is where the organism has two copies of the same gene but of which are of dominance over the recessive genes. (vise versa w/ homogous recessive)

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Incomplete Dominance

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Heterozygous geneotype shows a type that is somewhere between dominant and recessive
ex. Hair color

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Codominance

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2 different alleles for a genens and the hetero. genotype shows both traits
ex. blood type, roan cattle (diff colors of hair), and Calico Cats

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Parent that determines the sex of the child:

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Male

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Chance that the child will be born male or female?

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50%