Biology: Genetics

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Trait

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A variation of a particular character. (Any characteristic that can be passed down from parent to offspring.)

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Genetics

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The study of heredity.

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Cross-Fertilization

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Spear from the pollen of one flower fertilizes the eggs in the flower of a different plant.

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Mendel's Plant Breeding

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He bred pea plants for 7 years and recorded inheritance patterns in the offspring. Based on his results he developed the Particulate Hypothesis.

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Particulate Hypothesis of Inheritance

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States that parents pass on to their offspring separate and distinct genes that are responsible for inherited traits.

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Hybrid

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Offspring of two different true-breeding varieties.

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Mono-hybrid Cross

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Pairing in which the Parents differ in only one character.

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Alleles

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Alternative form of a gene.

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Homozygous

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Having identical alleles for a gene.

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Heterozygous

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Having different alleles for a gene.

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Dominant

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Descriptive of an allele in a heterozygous individual that appears to be the only one affecting a trait.

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Recessive

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Descriptive of an allele in a heterozygous individual that does not appear to affect a trait.

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Punnet Square

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A diagram showing the possibility (i.e., probability) of the possible outcomes of a genetic cross.

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Phenotype

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Observable traits of an organism.

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Genotype

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Genetic make up of an organism.

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Test-cross

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Mating of an individual of unknown genotype but dominant phenotype with a homozygous recessive individual.

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Dihybrid Cross

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Mating of two organisms that differ in two characters.

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Intermediate Inheritance

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Neither parent's traits is dominant.

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Co-dominance

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Heterozygous expresses both traits.

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Polygenic Inheritance

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Two or more genes affect a single characteristic.

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Chromosone Theory of Inheritance

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Generalization that genes are located on chromosones and that the behavior of chromosones during meiosis and fertilization accounts for inheritance patterns.

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Gene Locus

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Specific location of a gene on a chromosone.

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Genetic Linkage

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Tendancy for alleles of genes on the same chromosone to be inherited together.

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Sex-linked Genes

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Gene located on a sex chromosone.