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33 Cards in this Set

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  • Back
bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC)
A large plasmid that acts as a bacterial chromosome and can carry inserts of 100,000 to 300,000 base pairs.
bioinformatics
The use of computers, software, and mathematical models to process and integrate biological information from large data sets.
cytogenetic map
A chart of a chromosome that locates genes with respect to chromosomal features distinguishable in a microscope.
evo-devo
Evolutionary developmental biology; a field of biology that compares developmental processes of different multicellular organisms to understand how these processes have evolved and how changes can modify existing organismal features or lead to new ones.
evolution
Descent with modification; the idea that living species are descendants of ancestral species that were different from the present-day ones; also defined more narrowly as the change in the genetic composition of a population from generation to generation.
genome
(je´-nom) The genetic material of an organism or virus; the complete complement of an organism’s or virus’s genes along with its noncoding nucleic acid sequences.
genomics
(juh-no´-miks) The study of whole sets of genes and their interactions.
homeobox
(ho´-me-o-boks´) A 180-nucleotide sequence within homeotic genes and some other developmental genes that is widely conserved in animals. Related sequences occur in plants and yeasts.
homeotic gene
(ho-me-o'-tik) Any of the master regulatory genes that control placement and spatial organization of body parts in animals, plants, and fungi by controlling the developmental fate of groups of cells.
Human Genome Project
An international collaborative effort to map and sequence the DNA of the entire human genome.
lysozyme
(li´-so-zim) An enzyme that destroys bacterial cell walls; in mammals, found in sweat, tears, and saliva.
multigene family
A collection of genes with similar or identical sequences, presumably of common origin.
phylogenetic tree
A branching diagram that represents a hypothesis about the evolutionary history of a group of organisms.
physical map
A genetic map in which the actual physical distances between genes or other genetic markers are expressed, usually as the number of base pairs along the DNA.
polyploidy
(pol´-e-ploy´-de) A chromosomal alteration in which the organism possesses more than two complete chromosome sets. It is the result of an accident of cell division.
proteomics
(pro'-te-o'-miks) The systematic study of the full protein sets (proteomes) encoded by genomes.
pseudogene
(su'-do-jen) A DNA segment very similar to a real gene but which does not yield a functional product; a DNA segment that formerly functioned as a gene but has become inactivated in a particular species because of mutation.
retrotransposon
(re'-tro-trans-po'-zon) A transposable element that moves within a genome by means of an RNA intermediate, a transcript of the retrotransposon DNA.
short tandem repeat (STR)
Simple sequence DNA containing multiple tandemly repeated units of two to five nucleotides. Variations in STRs act as genetic markers in STR analysis, used to prepare genetic profiles.
simple sequence DNA
A DNA sequence that contains many copies of tandemly repeated short sequences.
systems biology
An approach to studying biology that aims to model the dynamic behavior of whole biological systems.
transposable element
A segment of DNA that can move within the genome of a cell by means of a DNA or RNA intermediate; also called a transposable genetic element.
transposon
A transposable element that moves within a genome by means of a DNA intermediate.
Preparing a physical map of the genome involves _____.
cutting the DNA of each chromosome into restriction fragments that overlap, and then determining the original order of the fragments
Once an organism's genome sequence has been determined, how do scientists generally start identifying all the genes within the genome?
Analyze the sequence using software that scans the sequence for telltale sequence elements such as promoters, transcription start and stop sites, and so on.
An example of a systems biology experiment might be
Determining how insulin resistance affects transcription of thousands of other genes in the genome.
What factor accounts most for the difference in genome size between vertebrates and prokaryotes?
Vertebrates have more non-coding DNA sequences.
Alu elements _________.
Are derived from or related to transposable elements.
Multigene families arise as a result of _________.
errors during DNA replication and recombination
The molecular data indicate that the globin gene family ________.
Evolved from a common globin gene ancestor that gave rise to both alpha- and beta-globin genes, as well as myoglobin and plant leghemoglobin
How do transposable elements promote functional genetic diversity in a population?
A transposable element gene such as integrase or reverse transcriptase may become part of a normal cellular gene.
The highly conserved sequence element present within homeotic genes is called the _________.
Homeobox
A gene family has been identified that has undergone extensive duplication in humans, but is present in only one or a few copies in other primates or other mammals. What experimental approaches could be used to determine the function of this gene and its significance in human evolution?
Create knockout mice to determine their phenotype.