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85 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is purebreeding?
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The production of offspring that are the same generation after generation
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What is a dominant gene?
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The gene that shows up
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What is a recessive gene?
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The gene that is covered up by the dominant gene.
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What is hybrid?
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Different alleles for the same trait.
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What is an allele?
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Alleles are different forms of a gene for a trait.
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what is a punnett square?
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A punnett square is a mathematical model that is used to predict the results of a cross.
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What is a phenotype?
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Physical characteristics
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What is a genotype?
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A genotype shows the genes that are present
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What is homozygous?
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AKA purebred. They contain the same alleles for a trait.
ex. BB or bb |
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What is heterozygous?
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AKA hybrid. They contain different alleles for a trait.
ex. Bb |
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What is a monohybrid?
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a cross involving one set of contrasting traits. Aa * Aa
They will always have a 3:1 phenotypic ratio |
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What is a dihybrid?
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A cross involving two sets of contrasting traits. AaBb*AaBb.
They will always have a 9:3:3:1 ratio. |
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What is a test cross?
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a cross that involves a homozygous recessive organism.
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What is mendel's law of segregation?
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involves one pair of genes
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What is mendel's law of independent assortment?
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it involves two pairs of genes
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The law of segregation demonstrates how the pair of genes for each trait_______ during gamete formation.
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The law of segregation demonstrates how the pair of genes for each trait__separate during gamete formation.
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Explain the law of independent assortment.
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Gene pairs separate independently from one another during gamete formation and there are two genes involved, so there are four possibilities occur in the gametes.
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What is complete dominance?
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Both HH and Hh are phenotypically the same.
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What is Codominance?
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Both alleles are expressed fully. An example is blood type AB.
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What is incomplete dominance?
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Heterozygotes are an intermediate trait. an example is red, pink, and white flowers. (the dominant trait does not completely cover the recessive)
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What is an x-linked trait?
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an x-linked trait is a trait that is found on the x chromosome. An example is hemophilia.
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What are multiple alleles?
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More than two alleles for a trait. An example is the a,b,o blood types.
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What is Pleiotropy?
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Multiple phenotypic effects. An example is the many symptoms of cystic fibrosis.
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What antigens are present in blood type a ?
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a
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What antigens are present in blood type b?
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b
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What antigens are present in blood type ab?
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a and b
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what antigens are present in blood type o?
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no antigens are present in blood type o
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What are the possible genotypes of blood type a ?
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aa and ao
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What are the possible genotypes in blood type b?
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bb and bo
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What are the possible genotypes in blood type ab?
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ab
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what are the possible genotypes in blood type oo?
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oo
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What blood types can blood type a give to?
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a and ab
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what blood types can blood type b give to?
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b and ab
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what blood types can blood type ab give to?
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ab
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what blood types can blood type o give to?
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a, b, ab, and o
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what blood types can blood type a get blood from?
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a and o
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what blood types can blood type b get blood from?
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b and o
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what blood types can blood type ab get blood from?
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a, b, ab, and o
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What blood type can blood type o get from?
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only o
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what are antigens?
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substance that is present on the surface of red blood cells.
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__ and __ antigens are dominant to __ antigen.
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A and B are dominant to O.
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__ and __ are codominant.
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A and B. If they are both present, they both show up.
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What is polygenic Inheritance?
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when there is more than one gene controlling a trait (almost all human traits are polygenic.)
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What is an example of a polygenic trait in humans?
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height, hair color, eye color
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What is Genotype Environment Interaction?
Give some examples. |
When the environment affects the traits of organisms that were already determined by their genes in the first place.
Examples are skin color and intelligence. |
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The scientific study of heredity is called what ?
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genetics
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Which are correct about Gregor Mendel's peas?
A' The male parts of pea flowers produce eggs. B' When pollen fertilizes an egg cell, a seed for a new plant is formed. C' Pea plants normally reproduce by self-pollination D' Seeds that are produced by self-pollination inherit their characteristics from two different plants. |
The correct answers to: Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about gregor mendels peas are
B: When pollen fertilizes an egg cell, a seed for a new plant is formed and C: Pea plants normally reproduce by self-pollination. |
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What does it mean when pea plants are described as being true-breeding?
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If they were allowed to self-pollinate, they would produce identical offspring.
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To perform his experiments, how did Mendel prevent pea flowers from self-pollinating?
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He cut the male part of the plant off.
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What are genes?
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Genes are the chemical factors that determine traits.
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What are hybrids?
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Hybrids are different forms of a gene?
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What are traits?
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Traits are specific characteristics that vary from one individual to another.
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What are alleles?
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Alleles are the different forms of a gene.
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State the principle of dominance.
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It states that some alleles are dominant and others are recessive.
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Is the following t or f?
An organism with a recessive allele for a particular form of a trait will always exhibit that form. |
FALSE
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Which are the letters of the traits controlled by dominant alleles in Mendel's pea plants?
A tall b short c yellow d green |
A tall and c yellow
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How did Mendel find out whether the recessive alleles were still present in the F1 plants?
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He allowed all seven kinds of f1 hybrid plants to produce an f2 generation by self-pollination.
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About one fourth of the f2 plants from mendel's f1 crosses showed the trait controlled by the ________ allele.
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recessive
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which letters are true about mendel's explanation of the results from his f1 cross?
a: mendel assumed that a dominant allele had masked the corresponding recessive allele in the f1 generation B: The trait controlled by the recessive allele never showed up in any f2 plants. C: the allele for shortness was always inherited with the allele for tallness. D: At some point, the allele for shortness was segregated, or separated, from the allele for tallness. |
These are true about mendel's explanation of the results from his f1 cross
a: mendel assumed that a dominant allele had masked the corresponding recessive allele in the f1 generation D: At some point, the allele for shortness was segregated, or separated, from the allele for tallness. |
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what are gametes?
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sex cells
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what is a genotype?
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a genotype is the genetic makeup of an organism (Tt)
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What is homozygous?
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Organisms that have two identical alleles for a particular trait (TT or tt)
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What is phenotype?
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Phenotype is the physical characteristic of an organism (tall)
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What is heterozygous?
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heterozygous is organisms that have two different alleles for the same trait (Tt)
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t or f
Homozygous organisms are true-breeding for a particular trait. |
true
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t or f
plants with the same phenotype always have the same genotype |
false
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In a two-factor cross, mendel followed how many different genes as they passed from one generation to the next.??
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two
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what best describes the f1 offspring of mendels two factor cross?
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heterozygous dominant with round yellow peas
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T of F
The genotypes of the F1 offspring indicated to mendel that genes assort independently? |
false
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How did mendel produce the f2 offspring?
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he crossed the heterozygous dominant for round and yellow peas
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What phenotypes would mendel expect to see if genes segregated independently?
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round and green
and wrinkled and yellow |
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What did mendel observe in the f2 offspring that showed him that the alleles for seed shape segregate independently of those for seed color?
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some of the offspring were different from either of the parents
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What were the phenotypes of the f2 generation that mendel observed>
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round and green
round and yellow wrinkled and yellow green and wrinkled |
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what was the ratio of mendels f2 generation for the two factor cross?
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9 to 3 to 3 to 1
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state mendel's principle of independent assortment
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the alleles for seed shape and color in pea plants do not influence each other's inheritance.
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Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about Mendel's principles
A: The inheritance of biological characteristics is determined by genes that are passed from parents to their offspring. B: Two or more forms of the gene for a single trait can never exist. C: The copies of genes are segregated from each other when gametes are formed. D: The alleles for different genes usually segregate independently of one another. |
The answers that are true about mendel's principles are a: the inheritance of biological characteristics is determined by genes that are passed from parents to their offspring
and C: The copies of genes are segregated from each other when gametes are formed. and D: The alleles for different genes usually segregate independently of one another. |
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When two or more forms the gene for a single trait exist, some forms of the gene may be _________ and others may be_______________.
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dominant and recessive
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Is the following sentence true or false?
All genes show simple patterns of dominant and recessive alleles. |
false
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List three criteria Thomas Hunt Morgan was looking for in a model organism for genetic studies.
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1: small
2: easy to keep in the lab 3: unable to produce large numbers of offspring in short amounts of time |
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t or f? mendel's principles apply not just to pea plants but to other organisms as well
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DUH you dumbass
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characteristics are determined by interaction between genes and what
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the environment
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The process of reduction division in which the number of chromosomes per cell is cut in half is called what?
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meiosis
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the process during sexual reproduction in which male and female sex cells join is called what
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fertilization
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plants that, if left to self pollinate, produce offspring identical to themselves are called what?
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truebreeding
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the process in which two genes segregate independently is called what?
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independent assortment
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