Genetics 1

Front 1

who discovered dna?

Back 1

franklin and wilson

Front 2

who discovered the shape of dna?

Back 2

watson, krik

Front 3

what is the shape of dna?

Back 3

a twisted double helix

Front 4

what is a nucleotide and why are they so important?

Back 4

in dna they code for proteins which is the central key to cell function and life.

Front 5

what are the 3 parts of a nucleotide?

Back 5

sugar, phosphate, nitrogen base

Front 6

what 2 parts of dna make up the backbone?

Back 6

phosphate and pentose sugar

Front 7

name all of the nitrogen bases found in dna?

Back 7

adenine thymine guanine cytosine

Front 8

complimentary of: ATCGGTCAGCTCGTA

Back 8

TAGCCAGTCGAGCAT

Front 9

complimetnary of:
ACGTTGCATCGATCG

Back 9

TGCAACGTAGCTAGC

Front 10

how many hydrogen bonds are between each complimentary bade?

Back 10

A-T=2 (skinny letters)
C-G=3 (fat letters)

Front 11

why are hydrogen bongs between the nitrogen bases?

Back 11

they need to be held together, but weakly so they can be seperated for replication

Front 12

what is DNA replication?

Back 12

makes an exact copy of DNA and enzymes work to link together nucleotides.

Front 13

list the steps in DNA replication?

Back 13

1.the double helix is unwound by helicase
2.RNA primase is bound to the starting DNA site.... usees RNA
3. a molecule of DNA polymerase binds to one strand of the DNA. it moves moves along the strand acting as a template for assembling a leading strand of nucleotides and reforming a double helix.
4.exonuclease removes original RNA
5.DNA polymerase replaces the removed RNA w/ DNA nucleotides
6.DNA adds any missing phosphates to the backbone

Front 14

name the 4 types of DNA mutation

Back 14

substitution, insertion, deletion, frameshift

Front 15

explain substitution mutation?

Back 15

one base is replaced by another

Front 16

explain insertion mutation?

Back 16

an extra 3 (or more) base pairs are inserted into a new place in DNA

Front 17

explain deletion mutation?

Back 17

section of DNA is lost or deleted

Front 18

explain frameshift mutation?

Back 18

changing the whole DNA message
(from ACTGCA to GCAACT)

Front 19

compare and contrast DNA and RNA

Back 19

DNA- deoxyribose
-Thymine
-double helix
RNA-ribose (no thymine)
-uracil
-single twisted strand
BOTH- nucleic acid

Front 20

where does transcription take place?

Back 20

in the nucleus of the cell

Front 21

describe the steps of transcription.

Back 21

mRNA copies the genetic code from DNA template. its just like DNA replication, but only one strand acts as template. Bases pair just like in DNA, but RNA has uracil instead of thymine

Front 22

name the nitrogen bases of RNA?

Back 22

AUCG

Front 23

what is the job of mRNA?

Back 23

sends a message to the ribosomes to create more of a certain type of protein

Front 24

what is this strands mRNA?
ATCGGCCTTATACGGTAC

Back 24

UAGCCGGAAUAUGCCAUG

Front 25

what is used instead of thymine?

Back 25

Uracil

Front 26

where does translation take place?

Back 26

in the cytoplasm at a ribosome

Front 27

describe the steps of translation?

Back 27

mRNA goes to ribosome, tRNA translate to code carried by mRNA, mRNA and tRNA link codons and in doing so, link the amino acids, whch form a polypeptide chain which folds into proteins

Front 28

what is the job of tRNA?

Back 28

tRNA has an anticodon that matches to mRNA's codon which helps link together amino acids

Front 29

what RNA deals with the codon?

Back 29

mRNA

Front 30

what RNA deals with the anticodon?

Back 30

tRNA

Front 31

when amino acids are linked together, what does it do and form?

Back 31

forms a polypeptide chain which are folded into proteins

Front 32

what are the steps to protein synthesis?

Back 32

translation and transcription

Front 33

what can never leave the nucleus?

Back 33

DNA

Front 34

what is the difference between a codon and anticodon?

Back 34

codons are mRNA that tell ribosomes what amino acids to search for.
anticodons are what are searched for by ribosomes that match with the codons

Front 35

why is there a start and stop message during protein synthesis and what are they?

Back 35

start gets the ribosome to start working and stop makes the ribosome release the polypeptide chain. start=AUG stop=UGA

Front 36

relate the structure of a ribosome to its function?

Back 36

the ribosome has a small and large subunit that clamp to the mRNA which slides along through it. the A and P sites read the mRNA and find the correct anticodon with the amino acid to attatch to the chain.

Front 37

know how to draw chromosome, and label parts, and their functions.

Back 37

DO IT NOW!

Front 38

list 3 characteristics of asexual reproduction?

Back 38

-one 'parent call' is needed
-offspring are genetically similar to the parent
-mitosis

Front 39

during the cell cycle, what does G1 represent? S? G2? what is G0?

Back 39

G1= growth one
S= synthesis (DNA replication happens)
G2= growth 2
G0= what brain cells and nerve tissue go through

Front 40

what does G1, S, and G2 make up?

Back 40

interphase

Front 41

know how to draw all stages of mitosis and meisos and explain what is happening

Back 41

\./ \./
/ \ / \

Front 42

list 3 characteristics of sexual reproduction?

Back 42

-in order to create an offspring, 2parents of the opposite sex required
-offspring is genetically different from parent
-occurs only in gamates
-meiosis

Front 43

what is a haploid?

Back 43

1 set of chromosomes

Front 44

what is a diploid?

Back 44

2 sets of chromosomes

Front 45

what are gametes? somatic cells?

Back 45

gametes= eggs and sperm (both haploid)
somatic cells=all other body cells (diploids)

Front 46

what are autosomes and how many do humans have? (set and number)

Back 46

autosomes are non sexual chromosomes. there are an equal number in females and males. 22 pairs chromosomes

Front 47

what are sex chromosomes and how many do humans have?

Back 47

sex chromosomes are chromosomes that determine gender there are 1 pair of sex chromosomes