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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The tendency of stimuli similar to a conditioned stimulus to evoke conditioned responses is called
a. stimulus blocking b. stimulus discrimination c. stimulus generalization d. spontaneous recovery e. spontaneous response |
c. stimulus generalization
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Which of the following phenomena suggests that conditioning involves cognitive processes?
a. blocking b. extinction c. punishment d. biological constraints e. reinforcement |
a. blocking
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Stimuli which seem to exert their reinforcement effects because they are related to our basic biological needs are called
a. conditioned reinforcers b. biological constraints c. satisfiers d. primary reinforcers e. secondary reinforcers |
d. primary reinforcers
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Stimuli or events that strengthen responses that permit organisms to avoid or escape from these stimuli are called
a. negative reinforcers b. positive reinforcers c. punishers d. rewards e. conditioned rewards |
a. negative reinforcers
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Learning to refrain from performing behaviors that are followed by unpleasant stimuli or events occurs as a result of
a. negative reinforcers b. punishment c. positive reinforcement d. learned helplessness e. conditioned response |
b. punishment
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The schedule that requires that a specific constant period of time elapses before a reward is delivered is called
a. fixed ratio b. variable ratio c. constant ratio d. variable interval e. fixed interval |
e. fixed interval
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Subjects who are required to respond five times to obtain a reward are more resistant to extinction than subjects which received a reward for every response. This is called
a. blocking b. partial reinforcement c. flooding d. spontaneous recovery e. shaping |
b. partial reinforcement
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The schedule that requires the subject to make a constant number of responses in order to receive a reward is called.
a. fixed ratio b. variable ratio c. fixed interval d. variable interval e. constant ratio |
a. fixed ratio
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A child watches another child manipulate a video game. He then attempts to duplicate what that child was doing to the video game. this is an example of
a. learned helplessness b. spontaneous recovery c. Observational learning d. blocking e. imitational learning |
c. observational learning
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Which of the following suggests that memory can best be understood in terms of encoding, storage, and retrieval and derives partly from computer science?
a. tip-of-the-tongue processing b. Ebbinghaus processing c. information processing d. mnemonic processing e. top-down process |
c. informational processing
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Which of the following is assumed to hold virtually everything we see, hear, taste or smell for very brief periods of time
a. sensory memory b. short-term memory c. long-term memory d. working memory e. semantic memory |
a. sensory memory
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The type of memory you use when you look up a new phone number and dial it immediately is your
a. long-term memory b. working memory c. short-term memory d.episodic memory e. both b&c |
e. both b&c, working and short term memory
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Which of the following is assumed to store large quantities of information in a relatively permanent way?
a. sensory memory b. short-term memory c. semantic memory d. proactive memory e. long-term memory |
e. long term memory
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Which component of working memory processes such information as an objects shape or color?
a. phonological b. visualspatial sketch pad c. central executive d. neuroimaging e. none of the above |
b. visuospatial sketch pad
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The technique of preparing someone to recall something by presenting them with a related stimulus is called
a. priming b. recognition c. free recall d. verification e. mnemonics |
a. priming
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Mental frameworks for categorizing diverse items as belonging together are called
a. syllogisms b. heuristics c. analogies d. concepts e. grouping |
e. grouping
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An abstract, idealized representation that captures the averaage quality of a person or thing is called
a. an exemplar b. a concept c. a prototype d. a schema e. a heuristic |
c. a prototype
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The loss of information from memory occurs by
a. inhibition b. distortion c. interference d. none of the above e. all of the above |
e. all of the above
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Specific procedures/strategies used to improve memory are called
a. anti-amnesias b. mnemonics c. flashbulb memories d. specified codes e. heuristics |
b. mnemonics
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An attempt to draw conclusions from given facts or assumptions is called
a. prototypical thinking b. reasoning c. reminiscence d. functional fixedness e. heuristics |
b. reasoning
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Our tendency to test hypotheses by examining only instances in which we expect a positive result is called
a. propositional bias b. confirmation bias c. functional bias d. heuristic bias e. formal reasoning |
b. confirmational bias
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Mental rules of thumb that permit us to make decisions and judgements in a rapid and efficient manner are called
a. framing b. algorithms c. means-end analysis d. propositional rules e. heuristics |
e. heuristics
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Which of the following is a major aspect of problem-solving?
a. understanding the problem b. formulating possible solutions c. evaluating possible solutions and their outcomes d. trying possible solutions e. all of the above |
e. all of the above
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Rules for particular problems which will eventually yield a solution are called
a. heuristics b. algorithms c. positive test strategy d. prototypes e. none of the above |
b. algorithms
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Using a dime as a screwdriver is an example of overcoming
a. belief perseverance b. positive test strategy c. functional fixedness d. conformational bias e. stagnation |
c funtional fixedness
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The tendency to stick with a strategy that previously resulted in a successful solution even though a more efficient approach exists is
a. functional fixedness b. conformational bias c. mental set d. stagnation e none of the above |
c. mental set
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According to Chomsky, language is shaped by
a. operant conditioning principles b. imitating parents c. innate neural systems d. cognitive growth e. social interactions |
c. innate neural systems
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Rules about how sounds can be combined into sentences are called
a. psycholinguistics b. syntax c. languages d. relative linguistics e. semantics |
b. syntax
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Which of the following can raise the level of carbon monoxide in the mothers blood?
a. smoking b. drinking c rubella d. caffeine e. over exertion |
a. smoking
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The most rapid rate of physical growth appears:
a. during infancy b. between 2-4 c. between 6-8 d. between 10-12 e. between 12-14 |
a. during infancy
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