General Psychology Exam 2

Front 1

1. The personal awareness you have of both internal and external stimuli, and your thoughts concerning those stimuli, comprise your:

Back 1

Conciousness

Front 2

2. According to Sigmund Freud, conscious and unconscious processes are different:

Back 2

Levels of Awareness

Front 3

3. An electroencephalograph is a device that measures:

Back 3

Electrical activity of the brain over time be means of recording electrodes attached to the surface of the scalp

Front 4

4. Evolutionary psychology suggests that consciousness:

Back 4

Must have evolved

Front 5

5. Circadian rhythms are biological cycles that are:

Back 5

Found in humans and many other species

Front 6

6. Circadian rhythms have been shown to influence what?

Back 6

Regulation of sleep, as well as: blood pressure, urine production, hormonal secretion

Front 7

7. How long does it typically take a person to readjust her biological clock after experiencing jet lag?

Back 7

About 1 day for each time zone crossed
East: about 1 day
West: about 2/3 of a day

Front 8

8. Research has shown that people who work on a rotating shift schedule are ____ to have accidents and be ____ productive than people who do not work on a rotating shift schedule.

Back 8

More likely, less

Front 9

9. Which hormone plays a key role in adjusting the day-night cycle?

Back 9

Melatonin

Front 10

10. Bailey is hooked up to an electroencephalograph (EEG) in a sleep lab. She has been asleep for just over an hour now, and her EEG is showing low amplitude, irregular brain wave patterns. Her breathing and pulse rate are irregular, and her eyes are darting back and forth beneath her closed eyelids. The researcher who is monitoring Bailey's sleep can conclude that Bailey:

Back 10

Is in the 5th Stage or REM stage of sleep

Front 11

11. Dreaming is typically associated with:

Back 11

REM Stage of Sleep

Front 12

12. Psychoactive drugs exert their effect on the brain by:

Back 12

By altering neurotransmitter activity

Front 13

13. The most widely abused drug in the United States is:

Back 13

Alcohol

Front 14

14. What appears to be responsible for regulating the circadian rhythm?

Back 14

Exposure to light

Front 15

15. What did William James mean by his term "the stream of consciousness"?

Back 15

Concioussness is always changing

Front 16

16. According to Freud, the hidden or disguised meaning of the events in dreams is the ____ of the dream.

Back 16

Latent content

Front 17

17. Recent research on ecstasy has suggested that ecstasy:

Back 17

Has many health issues: depression, anxiety, loss of memory, heart attacks, etc..

Front 18

18. A relatively durable change in behavior or knowledge that is due to experience defines:

Back 18

Learning

Front 19

19. The type of learning in which a stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus is:

Back 19

Classical Conditioning

Front 20

20. In classical conditioning, a UCS is:

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Unconditioned Stimulus: A stimulus which is already established through inborn instinct (food is good, pain is bad)

Front 21

21. A conditioned stimulus is:

Back 21

A previously neutral stimulus that has, through conditioning, acquired the capacity to evoke a CR

Front 22

22. The gradual weakening and disappearance of a tendency to make a conditioned response is termed:

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Extinction

Front 23

23. Spontaneous recovery describes:

Back 23

Further evidence that extinction is not erasure or simply forgetting

Front 24

24. If a dog that has been classically conditioned to salivate when shown a square also salivates when shown a rectangle, the dog's behavior illustrates:

Back 24

Stimulus Generalization

Front 25

25. When an organism responds to a specific stimulus or conditioned stimulus and doesn't respond to another stimulus that is similar to the conditioned stimulus, it is referred to as:

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Stimulus discrimination

Front 26

26. In Watson's famous "Little Albert" experiment, Albert was classically conditioned to:

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Cry when shown a white rat

Front 27

27. Operant conditioning is a type of learning in which:

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Voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consequences

Front 28

28. According to Skinner, the fundamental principle of operant conditioning is that organisms tend to repeat those responses that:

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Are followed with consequences

Front 29

29. The key dependent variable measured in operant conditioning studies is:

Back 29

Response rate

Front 30

30. Operant responses are typically established through a gradual process in which closer and closer approximations of the desired response are reinforced. This process is called:

Back 30

Shaping

Front 31

31. If you are "shaping" a child to pick up all his toys, what would you need to do each time the child does a better job of picking up his toys than he did previously?

Back 31

Reinforcement

Front 32

32. The gradual disappearance of an operant response that is no longer being reinforced is called:

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Extinction

Front 33

33. Reinforcers that are inherently reinforcing because they satisfy biological needs are called:

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Primary

Front 34

34. The three basic processes in memory are:

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Sensory, short, long term : sensory input, attention, storage

Front 35

35. The first memory process that involves getting information into memory is:

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Sensory Input (sensory), Attention/rehearsal (short), Storage (long)

Front 36

36. The basic process in memory that involves formation of a memory code is:

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Encoding

Front 37

37. The memory process of storage involves:

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encoding, storage, retrieval

Front 38

38. The process of locating and recovering information from your memory store is:

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Retrieval

Front 39

39. Focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or events defines:

Back 39

Attention

Front 40

40. Kwan is driving to campus and his phone rings. Based on the results of studies on divided attention, should Kwan answer the phone?

Back 40

No

Front 41

41. Norm is studying for his law exam. While he is studying, he is trying to think of as many examples as he can to illustrate key ideas. In this case, Norm is using:

Back 41

Elaboration

Front 42

42. Erin is studying for her anatomy exam. While she is studying, she tries to create as many pictures as she can to illustrate key ideas. In this case, Erin is using:

Back 42

Visual Imagery

Front 43

43. Which theory suggests that memory is enhanced by forming both semantic and visual codes?

Back 43

Dual Coding Theory

Front 44

44. Sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory comprise the three components of:

Back 44

Memory Storage

Front 45

45. You look up the phone number of the new Pizza Hut and repeat the number silently in your head until you find a pad of paper to write it down. The process of actively repeating the number is called:

Back 45

Rehearsal

Front 46

46. Rehearsal is most beneficial for maintaining information in ____ memory.

Back 46

Short-term memory

Front 47

47. Mark is listening as his roommate lists 14 things that they need to buy for their apartment before the end of the week. Based on George Miller's research into the capacity of short-term memory, if Mark doesn't write the items down as he hears them, he is most likely to remember:

Back 47

7 plus or minus 2
(5-9)

Front 48

48. The storage capacity of short-term memory can be increased by combining items into larger units called:

Back 48

Chunks

Front 49

49. Which memory system is referred to in your text as "working memory"?

Back 49

Short-term memory

Front 50

50. Long-term memory:

Back 50

Unlimited capacity store that can hold info over lengthy periods of time