General Logic Exam 3

Front 1

An argument is valid...

Back 1

If the premises are true, then the conclusion can't be false. It's impossible for the premises to be true, while the conclusion is false.

Front 2

An argument is strong...

Back 2

If the premises are true, then the conclusion is likely to be true (Inductive).

Front 3

An argument is sound...

Back 3

A valid argument with true premises.

Front 4

An argument is cogent...

Back 4

An inductively strong argument that has true premises.

Front 5

Do the premises of a valid argument have to be true?

Back 5

No

Front 6

Does the conclusion of a valid argument have to be true?

Back 6

No

Front 7

Does the conclusion of a sound argument have to be true?

Back 7

Yes

Front 8

Does the conclusion of a strong argument have to be true?

Back 8

No

Front 9

An argument is deductive if...

Back 9

It is intended to be valid.

Front 10

Does a deductive argument have to be valid?

Back 10

No

Front 11

An argument is inductive if...

Back 11

It intended to provide probable support for the conclusion. Shows the conclusion is likely.

Front 12

Can the conclusion of an inductive argument be true?

Back 12

Yes

Front 13

What is a statement?

Back 13

An utterance that can be true or false.

Front 14

What is the difference between an argument and an explanation?

Back 14

An argument is an attempt to support a claim with reasons. An argument tries to show that something is true, while an explanation tries to show why something is true.

Front 15

Can opinions be true?

Back 15

Yes

Front 16

Can opinions be false?

Back 16

Yes

Front 17

What is an opinion?

Back 17

It is a statement of belief.

Front 18

Why might one opinion be more reasonable than another?

Back 18

Some opinions are well thought out, better informed, and more humane/ethical.

Front 19

If something is logically possible...

Back 19

There are no contradictions.

Front 20

If something is a necessary truth...

Back 20

Logically possible and can't possibly be false. Example 2+2 =4.

Front 21

If something is a necessary falsehood...

Back 21

Logically impossible, statement contradicts itself.

Front 22

A paradigm is...

Back 22

Theoretical framework; set of assumptions about what the world is like and how we can know about it. Certain facts count as anomalies.

Front 23

If something is physically possible...

Back 23

Claims that don't violate the laws of nature.

Front 24

If something is physically impossible...

Back 24

Violates the laws of nature.

Front 25

If something is physically impossible, is it necessarily logically impossible?

Back 25

No

Front 26

If something is logically impossible, is it necessarily physically impossible?

Back 26

Yes

Front 27

If p, then q. What kind of statement is this?

Back 27

Conditional Statement.

Front 28

What is the "p" part in the conditional statement?

Back 28

Antecedent

Front 29

What is the "q" part in the conditional statement?

Back 29

Consequent

Front 30

What are the four parts of a standard form categorical statement?

Back 30

1. Subject term

2. Predicate term

3. Copula

4. Quantifier

Front 31

What are the four standard forms of categorical statements?

Back 31

1. All S are P, Universal Affirmative, A

2. No S are P, Universal Negative, E

3. Some S are P, Particular Affirmative, I

4. Some S are not P, Particular Negative, O

Front 32

Subject and predicate terms must be...

Back 32

Nouns or noun phrases.

Front 33

Define "major term" (P)

Back 33

The term that appears as the predicate term in the conclusion.

Front 34

Define "minor term" (S)

Back 34

The subject term in the conclusion.

Front 35

Define "middle term" (M)

Back 35

A term that appears in both the premises, but not the conclusion.

Front 36

Define Genetic fallacy and give and example.

Back 36

Arguing that a claim is true or false solely based on it's origins. EX: "The economic development plan must be a scam, it came form a corporate think tank".

Front 37

Fallacy of division.

Back 37

What is true of the whole, must be true of the parts. EX: University students study subjects such as Trigonometry, Spanish, and history; therefore, all university students study these subjects.

Front 38

Fallacy of composition

Back 38

What is true of the parts, must be true of the whole. EX: No single molecule in a glass of water is in a liquid state, so the water is not in a liquid state.

Front 39

Ad hominen fallacy

Back 39

Attacking the person. EX:"Bernie Sanders blah blah blah. Yeah but he's a socialist" .

Front 40

Tu quoques fallacy

Back 40

Shows hypocrisy. EX: That's your 5th drink, you should probably stop. You just finished a six pack so you shouldn't talk.

Front 41

Appeal to popularity

Back 41

Must be true because large numbers of people believe it.

Front 42

Appeal to tradition

Back 42

Must be true because it's part of tradition. Ex: Acupuncture has been used for over 1000 years so it must work.

Front 43

Only

Only if

The only

Back 43

Only--predicate so switch the terms.

Only if--predicate, switch terms.

The only--Subject, don't switch terms.

*All

Front 44

If p then q =

p if q =

p only if q =

Back 44

p--->q

q--->p

p--->q

Front 45

Affirming the antecedent

Back 45

If p then q,

p,

Therefore,

q

Valid

Front 46

Denying the consequent

Back 46

If p then q,

not q,

therefore,

not p

Valid

Front 47

Disjunctive syllogism

Back 47

Either p or q,

not p,

therefore,

q

Valid

Front 48

Hypothetical syllogism

Back 48

If p then q,

if q then r,

therefore, if p then r

Valid

Front 49

If p then q,

q,

Therefore,

p

Back 49

Affirming the consequent

Invalid

Front 50

If p then q,

not p,

Therefore,

not q

Back 50

Denying the antecedent

Invalid

Front 51

If p then q,

not q,

Therefore,

not p

Back 51

Denying the consequent

Valid

Front 52

Disjunctive syllogism

Back 52

Either p or q,

not p

Therefore,

q

Valid

Front 53

Hypothetical syllogism

Back 53

If p then q,

If q then r,

Therefore,

if p then r

Valid